【oracle11g官方文档阅读】Supporting Documentation上篇

官方文档目录截图附上，如果我的内容有错误的地方还希望大家多多指正，谢谢

Concepts概念

Title and Copyright Information标题和公司信息
Oracle® Database

Concepts

11g Release 2 (11.2)

E40540-04

May 2015

Oracle Database Concepts, 11g Release 2 (11.2)

E40540-04

Copyright © 1993, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Primary Authors: Lance Ashdown, Tom Kyte

Contributors: Drew Adams, David Austin, Vladimir Barriere, Hermann Baer, David Brower, Jonathan Creighton, Bjørn Engsig, Steve Fogel, Bill Habeck, Bill Hodak, Yong Hu, Pat Huey, Vikram Kapoor, Feroz Khan, Jonathan Klein, Sachin Kulkarni, Paul Lane, Adam Lee, Yunrui Li, Bryn Llewellyn, Rich Long, Barb Lundhild, Neil Macnaughton, Vineet Marwah, Mughees Minhas, Sheila Moore, Valarie Moore, Gopal Mulagund, Paul Needham, Gregory Pongracz, John Russell, Vivian Schupmann, Shrikanth Shankar, Cathy Shea, Susan Shepard, Jim Stenoish, Juan Tellez, Lawrence To, Randy Urbano, Badhri Varanasi, Simon Watt, Steve Wertheimer, Daniel Wong

翻译：贡献者：Drew Adams、David Austin、Vladimir Barriere、Hermann Baer、David Brower、Jonathan Creighton、BJ_rn Engsig、Steve Fogel、Bill Habeck、Bill Hodak、Yong Hu、Pat Huey、Vikram Kapoor、Feroz Khan、Jonathan Klein、Sachin Kulkarni、Paul Lane、Adam Lee、Yunrui Li、Bryn Llewellyn、Rich Long、BArb Lundhild、Neil Macnaughton、Vineet Marwah、Mughees Minhas、Sheila Moore、Valarie Moore、Gopal Mulagund、Paul Needham、Gregory Pongracz、John Russell、Vivian Schupmann、Shrikanth Shankar、Cathy Shea、Susan Shepard、Jim Stenoish、Juan Tellez、Lawrence To、Randy Urbano、Badhri Varanasi、Simon Watt，Steve Wertheimer，Daniel Wong

This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited.
翻译：本软件和相关文档根据包含使用和披露限制的许可协议提供，受知识产权法保护。除非您的许可协议明确允许或法律允许，否则您不得以任何形式或通过任何方式使用、复制、复制、翻译、广播、修改、许可、传输、分发、展示、执行、发布或展示任何部分。除非法律要求互操作性，否则禁止反向工程、反汇编或反编译本软件

The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.
翻译：此处所含信息如有更改，恕不另行通知，不保证无误。如果您发现任何错误，请以书面形式向我们报告

If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable:
翻译：如果这是交付给美国政府或代表美国政府授权的任何人的软件或相关文档，则以下通知适用。

U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are “commercial computer software” pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable to the programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government.
翻译：美国政府最终用户：根据适用的联邦采购法规和agen，交付给美国政府最终用户的Oracle程序，包括任何操作系统、集成软件、安装在硬件上的任何程序和/或文档都是“商业计算机软件”。CY具体补充规定。因此，程序的使用、复制、披露、修改和改编，包括任何操作系统、集成软件、安装在硬件上的任何程序和/或文档，应遵守适用于程序的许可条款和许可限制。美国政府不享有任何其他权利

This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications.
翻译：此软件或硬件是为在各种信息管理应用程序中的通用而开发的。本发明不适用于任何固有危险的应用，包括可能造成人身伤害的应用。如果您在危险应用中使用此软件或硬件，则您应负责采取所有适当的故障保护、备份、冗余和其他措施，以确保其安全使用。甲骨文公司及其附属公司对在危险应用中使用本软件或硬件造成的任何损害不承担任何责任。

Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
翻译：Oracle和Java是Oracle和/或其附属公司的注册商标。其他名称可能是其各自所有者的商标。

Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group.
翻译：Intel和Intel Xeon是Intel Corporation的商标或注册商标。所有SPARC商标均经许可使用，是SPARC International，Inc.的商标或注册商标。AMD、Opteron、AMD徽标和AMD Opteron徽标是Advanced Micro Devices的商标或注册商标。Unix是OpenGroup的注册商标。

This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information about content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services unless otherwise set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services, except as set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle.

Preface预览
This manual provides an architectural and conceptual overview of the Oracle database server, which is an object-relational database management system. It describes how the Oracle database server functions, and it lays a conceptual foundation for much of the practical information contained in other manuals. Information in this manual applies to the Oracle database server running on all operating systems.
翻译：本手册提供了Oracle数据库服务器（对象关系数据库管理系统）的体系结构和概念概述。它描述了Oracle数据库服务器的功能，并为其他手册中包含的大量实用信息奠定了概念基础。本手册中的信息适用于在所有操作系统上运行的Oracle数据库服务器。

This preface contains these topics:
•Audience
•Documentation Accessibility
•Related Documentation
•Conventions

Audience

Oracle Database Concepts is intended for technical users, primarily database administrators and database application developers, who are new to Oracle Database. Typically, the reader of this manual has had experience managing or developing applications for other relational databases.
翻译：Oracle数据库概念主要面向对Oracle数据库不熟悉的技术用户，主要是数据库管理员和数据库应用程序开发人员。通常，本手册的读者具有管理或开发其他关系数据库应用程序的经验。

To use this manual, you must know the following:
使用本手册，你必须清楚一下内容：

•Relational database concepts in general
一般的关系数据库概念

•Concepts and terminology in Chapter 1, “Introduction to Oracle Database”
第一章“Oracle数据库简介”中的概念和术语

•The operating system environment under which you are running Oracle
运行Oracle的操作系统环境

Documentation Accessibility
文档可访问性

For information about Oracle’s commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.
有关Oracle对可访问性的承诺的信息，请访问Oracle可访问性计划网站：http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup？CTX=ACC&ID=DOCACC.

Access to Oracle Support
访问Oracle支持

Oracle customers that have purchased support have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing impaired.
翻译：购买支持的Oracle客户可以通过我的Oracle支持访问电子支持。有关信息，请访问http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup？ctx=acc&id=info还是访问http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup？CTX=ACC&ID=TRS，如果您有听力障碍。

Related Documentation
翻译：Related Documentation相关文件

This manual is intended to be read with the following manuals:
本手册将与以下手册一起阅读：

•Oracle Database 2 Day DBA
Oracle数据库2天DBA

•Oracle Database 2 Day Developer’s Guide
Oracle数据库2天开发人员指南

For more related documentation, see “Oracle Database Documentation Roadmap”.
有关更多相关文档，请参阅“Oracle数据库文档路线图”。

Many manuals in the Oracle Database documentation set use the sample schemas of the seed database, which is installed by default when you install Oracle Database. Refer to Oracle Database Sample Schemas for information on how these schemas were created and how you can use them.
Oracle数据库文档集中的许多手册都使用种子数据库的示例模式，在安装Oracle数据库时，默认情况下会安装该模式。有关如何创建这些模式以及如何使用它们的信息，请参阅Oracle数据库示例模式。

Conventions

The following text conventions are used in this manual:
本手册使用以下文本约定

1 Introduction to Oracle Database
Oracle数据库简介

This chapter provides an overview of Oracle Database and contains the following sections:
本章概述了Oracle数据库，并包含以下部分：

•About Relational Databases
关于关系数据库

•Schema Objects

•Data Access
数据访问

•Transaction Management
事务管理

•Oracle Database Architecture
Oracle数据库体系结构

•Oracle Database Documentation Roadmap
Oracle数据库文档路线图

About Relational Databases
关于关系型数据库

Every organization has information that it must store and manage to meet its requirements. For example, a corporation must collect and maintain human resources records for its employees. This information must be available to those who need it. An information system is a formal system for storing and processing information.
每个组织都有必须存储和管理以满足其需求的信息。例如，公司必须为其员工收集和维护人力资源记录。这些信息必须提供给需要它的人。信息系统是存储和处理信息的正式系统。

An information system could be a set of cardboard boxes containing manila folders along with rules for how to store and retrieve the folders. However, most companies today use a database to automate their information systems. A database is an organized collection of information treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to collect, store, and retrieve related information for use by database applications.
信息系统可以是一组纸板箱，其中包含马尼拉文件夹以及如何存储和检索文件夹的规则。然而，现在大多数公司都使用数据库来自动化他们的信息系统。数据库是作为一个单元处理的有组织的信息集合。数据库的目的是收集、存储和检索相关信息，供数据库应用程序使用

Database Management System (DBMS)

A database management system (DBMS) is software that controls the storage, organization, and retrieval of data. Typically, a DBMS has the following elements:
数据库管理系统（DBMS）是控制数据存储、组织和检索的软件。通常，DBMS具有以下元素

•Kernel code

This code manages memory and storage for the DBMS.
他的代码管理DBMS的内存和存储

•Repository of metadata
元数据存储库

This repository is usually called a data dictionary.
此存储库通常称为数据字典

•Query language
查询语言

This language enables applications to access the data.
此语言使应用程序能够访问数据

A database application is a software program that interacts with a database to access and manipulate data.
数据库应用程序是与数据库交互以访问和操作数据的软件程序。

The first generation of database management systems included the following types:
第一代数据库管理系统包括以下类型

•Hierarchical

A hierarchical database organizes data in a tree structure. Each parent record has one or more child records, similar to the structure of a file system.
层次数据库以树结构组织数据。每个父记录都有一个或多个子记录，类似于文件系统的结构

•Network

A network database is similar to a hierarchical database, except records have a many-to-many rather than a one-to-many relationship.
网络数据库类似于分层数据库，只是记录有多对多关系，而不是一对多关系

The preceding database management systems stored data in rigid, predetermined relationships. Because no data definition language existed, changing the structure of the data was difficult. Also, these systems lacked a simple query language, which hindered application development.
前面的数据库管理系统以严格的预定关系存储数据。由于不存在数据定义语言，因此很难改变数据的结构。此外，这些系统缺乏简单的查询语言，这阻碍了应用程序的开发。

Relational Model
关系模型

In his seminal 1970 paper “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks,” E. F. Codd defined a relational model based on mathematical set theory. Today, the most widely accepted database model is the relational model.
翻译：E.F.Codd在他1970年的论文《大型共享数据银行的数据关系模型》中定义了一个基于数学集理论的关系模型。今天，最广泛接受的数据库模型是关系模型。

A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational model. The relational model has the following major aspects:
关系数据库是符合关系模型的数据库。关系模型主要有以下几个方面

•Structures

Well-defined objects store or access the data of a database.
定义良好的对象存储或访问数据库的数据。

•Operations

Clearly defined actions enable applications to manipulate the data and structures of a database.
明确定义的操作使应用程序能够操作数据库的数据和结构。

•Integrity rules

Integrity rules govern operations on the data and structures of a database.

A relational database stores data in a set of simple relations. A relation is a set of tuples. A tuple is an unordered set of attribute values.
关系数据库以一组简单关系存储数据。关系是一组元组。元组是一组无序的属性值

A table is a two-dimensional representation of a relation in the form of rows (tuples) and columns (attributes). Each row in a table has the same set of columns. A relational database is a database that stores data in relations (tables). For example, a relational database could store information about company employees in an employee table, a department table, and a salary table.
表是以行（元组）和列（属性）的形式表示关系的二维表示。表中的每一行都有相同的列集。关系数据库是在关系（表）中存储数据的数据库。例如，关系数据库可以在员工表、部门表和薪资表中存储有关公司员工的信息。

See Also:
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362685 for an abstract and link to Codd’s paper

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

The relational model is the basis for a relational database management system (RDBMS). Essentially, an RDBMS moves data into a database, stores the data, and retrieves it so that it can be manipulated by applications. An RDBMS distinguishes between the following types of operations:
关系模型是关系数据库管理系统（RDBMS）的基础。本质上，RDBMS将数据移动到数据库中，存储数据，并检索数据，以便应用程序对其进行操作。RDBMS区分以下类型的操作

•Logical operations

In this case, an application specifies what content is required. For example, an application requests an employee name or adds an employee record to a table.
在这种情况下，应用程序指定需要什么内容。例如，应用程序请求员工姓名或向表中添加员工记录

•Physical operations

In this case, the RDBMS determines how things should be done and carries out the operation. For example, after an application queries a table, the database may use an index to find the requested rows, read the data into memory, and perform many other steps before returning a result to the user. The RDBMS stores and retrieves data so that physical operations are transparent to database applications.
在这种情况下，RDBMS决定应该如何执行操作。例如，在应用程序查询表之后，数据库可以使用索引查找请求的行，将数据读取到内存中，并在将结果返回给用户之前执行许多其他步骤。RDBMS存储和检索数据，以便物理操作对数据库应用程序透明。

Oracle Database is an RDBMS. An RDBMS that implements object-oriented features such as user-defined types, inheritance, and polymorphism is called an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS). Oracle Database has extended the relational model to an object-relational model, making it possible to store complex business models in a relational database.
Oracle数据库是一个RDBMS。实现面向对象特性（如用户定义的类型、继承和多态性）的RDBMS称为对象关系数据库管理系统（ORDBMS）。Oracle数据库已将关系模型扩展到对象关系模型，使在关系数据库中存储复杂的业务模型成为可能。

Brief History of Oracle Database
Oracle数据库简史

The current version of Oracle Database is the result of over 30 years of innovative development. Highlights in the evolution of Oracle Database include the following:
Oracle数据库的当前版本是30多年创新开发的结果。Oracle数据库发展的亮点包括：

•Founding of Oracle
甲骨文公司的成立
备注：Founding
n. 创办，发起；铸造；溶解
adj. 创办的，发起的
v. 创办（组织）；建立（国家）；以……为基础；熔化（found 的现在分词）

In 1977, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates started the consultancy Software Development Laboratories, which became Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1983, RSI became Oracle Systems Corporation and then later Oracle Corporation.
1977年，Larry Ellison、Bob Miner和Ed Oates创立了顾问软件开发实验室，后来成为关系软件公司（RSI）。1983年，RSI成为甲骨文系统公司，后来又成为甲骨文公司。

•First commercially available RDBMS
翻译：第一个商用的RDBMS

In 1979, RSI introduced Oracle V2 (Version 2) as the first commercially available SQL-based RDBMS, a landmark event in the history of relational databases.
翻译：1979年，RSI引入Oracle V2 (Version 2)作为第一个商用的基于sql的RDBMS，这是关系型数据库历史上的一个里程碑事件。

•Portable version of Oracle Database
翻译：可移植版本的Oracle数据库

Oracle Version 3, released in 1983, was the first relational database to run on mainframes, minicomputers, and PCs. The database was written in C, enabling the database to be ported to multiple platforms.
翻译：1983年发布的Oracle Version 3是第一个在大型机、小型计算机和pc上运行的关系数据库。该数据库是用C语言编写的，允许将数据库移植到多个平台。

•Enhancements to concurrency control, data distribution, and scalability
fan增强并发控制、数据分发和可伸缩性

Version 4 introduced multiversion read consistency. Version 5, released in 1985, supported client/server computing and distributed database systems. Version 6 brought enhancements to disk I/O, row locking, scalability, and backup and recovery. Also, Version 6 introduced the first version of the PL/SQL language, a proprietary procedural extension to SQL.
版本4引入了多版本读取一致性。1985年发布的版本5支持客户机/服务器计算和分布式数据库系统。Version 6增强了磁盘I/O、行锁定、可伸缩性以及备份和恢复。此外，Version 6引入了PL/SQL语言的第一个版本，这是SQL的一个专有过程扩展

•PL/SQL stored program units

Oracle7, released in 1992, introduced PL/SQL stored procedures and triggers.
Oracle7于1992年发布，引入了PL/SQL存储过程和触发器

•Objects and partitioning
翻译：对象和分区

Oracle8 was released in 1997 as the object-relational database, supporting many new data types. Additionally, Oracle8 supported partitioning of large tables.
翻译：Oracle8作为对象关系数据库于1997年发布，支持许多新的数据类型。此外，Oracle8支持大型表的分区。

•Internet computing
翻译：网络计算

Oracle8i Database, released in 1999, provided native support for internet protocols and server-side support for Java. Oracle8i was designed for internet computing, enabling the database to be deployed in a multitier environment.
翻译：Oracle8i数据库于1999年发布，提供了对internet协议的本地支持和对Java的服务器端支持。Oracle8i是为internet计算而设计的，使数据库能够部署在多层环境中。

•Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC)
翻译：Oracle实际应用程序集群(Oracle RAC)

Oracle9i Database introduced Oracle RAC in 2001, enabling multiple instances to access a single database simultaneously. Additionally, Oracle XML Database (Oracle XML DB) introduced the ability to store and query XML.
翻译：Oracle9i数据库在2001年引入了Oracle RAC，允许多个实例同时访问一个数据库。此外，Oracle XML数据库(Oracle XML DB)引入了存储和查询XML的功能。

•Grid computing
翻译：网格计算

Oracle Database 10g introduced grid computing in 2003. This release enabled organizations to virtualize computing resources by building a grid infrastructure based on low-cost commodity servers. A key goal was to make the database self-managing and self-tuning. Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) helped achieve this goal by virtualizing and simplifying database storage management.
翻译：Oracle数据库10g于2003年引入网格计算。该版本允许组织通过构建基于低成本商品服务器的网格基础设施来虚拟化计算资源。一个关键的目标是使数据库能够自我管理和自我调优。Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM)通过虚拟化和简化数据库存储管理帮助实现了这一目标

•Manageability, diagnosability, and availability
翻译：可管理性、诊断性和可用性

Oracle Database 11g, released in 2007, introduced a host of new features that enable administrators and developers to adapt quickly to changing business requirements. The key to adaptability is simplifying the information infrastructure by consolidating information and using automation wherever possible.

See Also:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/issue-archive/2007/07-jul/o4730-090772.html for an article summarizing the evolution of Oracle Database

Schema Objects

One characteristic of an RDBMS is the independence of physical data storage from logical data structures. In Oracle Database, a database schema is a collection of logical data structures, or schema objects. A database schema is owned by a database user and has the same name as the user name.

Schema objects are user-created structures that directly refer to the data in the database. The database supports many types of schema objects, the most important of which are tables and indexes.

A schema object is one type of database object. Some database objects, such as profiles and roles, do not reside in schemas.

See Also:
“Introduction to Schema Objects”

Tables

A table describes an entity such as employees. You define a table with a table name, such as employees, and set of columns. In general, you give each column a name, a data type, and a width when you create the table.

A table is a set of rows. A column identifies an attribute of the entity described by the table, whereas a row identifies an instance of the entity. For example, attributes of the employees entity correspond to columns for employee ID and last name. A row identifies a specific employee.

You can optionally specify rules for each column of a table. These