VLAN隔离广播的同时,也禁止了不同VLAN之间的用户通信,VLAN间的通信成为了新的焦点,VLAN路由(三层路由功能)成功解决了VLAN间的通信。
VLAN间路由必须通过具备三层路由功能的设备完成
解决方案:
- 路由器的单臂路由(不推荐)
- 3层交换机VLAN接口/交换机虚拟接口(推荐)
- 不具备拓展功能的交换机的三层接口功能
- 路由器的多臂路由(不推荐)
单臂路由
优点:节省端口数和设备接口
缺点:链路复用,单点故障的同时易引发拥塞
路由器的子接口(逻辑接口)可以识别VLAN TAG
思科华为配置单臂路由
步骤1.交换机连接终端的VLAN的接入
SW4(config)#vlan 20,30
SW4(config)#int e0/1
SW4(config-if)#switchport mode access
SW4(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
SW4(config-if)#int e0/2
SW4(config-if)#switchport mo acc
SW4(config-if)# switchport access vlan 30
验证:
SW4#show vlan brief
VLAN Name Status Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Et0/0, Et0/3
20 VLAN0020 active Et0/1
30 VLAN0030 active Et0/2
步骤2.连接路由器接口实施trunk
SW4(config)#int e0/0
SW4(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW4(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
验证:
SW4#show int trunk
Port Mode Encapsulation Status Native vlan
Et0/0 on 802.1q trunking 1
步骤3.实施路由器的子接口
子接口依附于物理接口
R3(config)#int e0/0
R3(config-if)#no sh //开启物理接口
!
interface Ethernet0/0.20
encapsulation dot1Q 20 //必须先配置封装VLAN 标记的命令,才可以配置地址
ip address 10.1.20.30 255.255.255.224
!
interface Ethernet0/0.30
encapsulation dot1Q 30
ip address 10.1.30.30 255.255.255.224
R3#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.20.0/27 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0.20
L 10.1.20.30/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0.20
C 10.1.30.0/27 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0.30
终端的配置和测试(思科)
路由器模拟PC的配置:
PC3(config)#no ip routing
PC3(config)#ip default-gateway 10.1.20.30
PC3(config)#int e0/0
PC3(config-if)#no sh
PC3(config-if)#ip address 10.1.20.1 255.255.255.224
测试:
Server2#ping 10.1.30.30
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.30.30, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/203/1012 ms
Server2#ping 10.1.20.30
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.20.30, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/2 ms
Server2#ping 10.1.20.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.20.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/2 ms
Server2#traceroute 10.1.20.1 numeric
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 10.1.20.1
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
1 10.1.30.30 1 msec 0 msec 1 msec
2 10.1.20.1 1 msec * 2 msec
============================
HW的单臂路由
步骤1.交换机连接终端的VLAN的接入
[SW4]vlan batch 20 30
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
port link-type access
port default vlan 20
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
port link-type access
port default vlan 30
验证:
[SW4-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]dis port vlan ac
T=TAG U=UNTAG
---------------------------------------------------------------
Port Link Type PVID VLAN List
---------------------------------------------------------------
GE0/0/1 access 20 U: 20
GE0/0/2 access 30 U: 30
步骤2.连接路由器接口实施trunk
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/10
port link-type trunk
port trunk allow-pass vlan 20 30
GE0/0/10 trunk 1 U: 1
T: 20 30
步骤3.实施路由器的子接口
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0.20
dot1q termination vid 20
ip address 10.1.20.30 255.255.255.224
arp broadcast enable
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0.30
dot1q termination vid 30
ip address 10.1.30.30 255.255.255.224
arp broadcast enable
介绍一个基础协议,ARP(地址解析协议),2层封装协议,和直连通信有关。需要封装目的IP(网关IP对应的MAC)对应的MAC地址
3层交换机VLAN接口/交换机虚拟接口
三层交换机内置的三层路由转发引擎执行路由功能
多层交换机的VLAN接口的直连路由
interface Vlanif8
ip address 10.1.10.13 255.255.255.240
#
interface Vlanif9
ip address 10.1.10.28 255.255.255.240
#
interface Vlanif10
ip address 10.1.10.45 255.255.255.240
<SW2>display ip int brief
down
Vlanif8 10.1.10.12/28 up up
Vlanif9 10.1.10.29/28 up up
Vlanif10 10.1.10.44/28 up up
!
interface Vlan8
ip address 10.1.10.12 255.255.255.240
no shut
!
interface Vlan9
ip address 10.1.10.29 255.255.255.240
no shut
!
interface Vlan10
ip address 10.1.10.44 255.255.255.240
no shut
-------------------------
多层交换机上2层接口转换为3层接口
Cisco:
SW2(config-if)#no switchport
SW2(config-if)#ip address 10.1.12.2 255.255.255.248
HW:
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
undo portswitch //HW的默认器存在问题
接口的工作状态和如下因素有关:VLAN(是否存在)、Trunk(是否允许通过)、Access(是否划分接口)、开启接口