线段树
线段树的实现
- 线段树不是完全二叉树
- 线段树是平衡二叉树
- 第n层的个数为2(n-1),前n层总数为2n,如果有m个元素,最后一排可能装不下,则拓展一排,空的用null表示,总共需要开辟4m的空间。
线段树的定义:
public class SegmentTree<E> {
private E[] tree;
private E[] data;
private Merger<E> merger;
public SegmentTree(E[] arr, Merger<E> merger){
this.merger = merger;
data = (E[])new Object[arr.length];
for(int i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++)
data[i] = arr[i];
tree = (E[])new Object[4 * arr.length];
buildSegmentTree(0, 0, arr.length - 1);
}
// 在treeIndex的位置创建表示区间[l...r]的线段树
private void buildSegmentTree(int treeIndex, int l, int r){
if(l == r){
tree[treeIndex] = data[l];
return;
}
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
// int mid = (l + r) / 2;
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
buildSegmentTree(leftTreeIndex, l, mid);
buildSegmentTree(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r);
tree[treeIndex] = merger.merge(tree[leftTreeIndex], tree[rightTreeIndex]);
}
public int getSize(){
return data.length;
}
public E get(int index){
if(index < 0 || index >= data.length)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return data[index];
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的左孩子节点的索引
private int leftChild(int index){
return 2*index + 1;
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的右孩子节点的索引
private int rightChild(int index){
return 2*index + 2;
}
}
merge操作可自己定义,不一定是相加
public interface Merger<E> {
E merge(E a, E b);
}
//类的调用
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer[] nums = {-2, 0, 3, -5, 2, -1};
SegmentTree<Integer> segTree = new SegmentTree<>(nums,
(a, b) -> a + b); //使用函数式接口
}
线段树的查询操作:
// 返回区间[queryL, queryR]的值
public E query(int queryL, int queryR){
if(queryL < 0 || queryL >= data.length ||
queryR < 0 || queryR >= data.length || queryL > queryR)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return query(0, 0, data.length - 1, queryL, queryR);
}
// 在以treeIndex为根的线段树中[l...r]的范围里,搜索区间[queryL...queryR]的值
private E query(int treeIndex, int l, int r, int queryL, int queryR){
if(l == queryL && r == queryR)
return tree[treeIndex];
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
// treeIndex的节点分为[l...mid]和[mid+1...r]两部分
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
if(queryL >= mid + 1)
return query(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, queryL, queryR);
else if(queryR <= mid)
return query(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, queryL, queryR);
E leftResult = query(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, queryL, mid);
E rightResult = query(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, mid + 1, queryR);
return merger.merge(leftResult, rightResult);
}
线段树的更新操作:
// 将index位置的值,更新为e
public void set(int index, E e){
if(index < 0 || index >= data.length)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal");
data[index] = e;
set(0, 0, data.length - 1, index, e);
}
// 在以treeIndex为根的线段树中更新index的值为e
private void set(int treeIndex, int l, int r, int index, E e){
if(l == r){
tree[treeIndex] = e;
return;
}
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
// treeIndex的节点分为[l...mid]和[mid+1...r]两部分
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
if(index >= mid + 1)
set(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, index, e);
else // index <= mid
set(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, index, e);
tree[treeIndex] = merger.merge(tree[leftTreeIndex], tree[rightTreeIndex]);
}
leetcode相关题目
解法1:
使用线段树的query操作,merge函数接口为元素相加。
解法2:(此方法不适合数组有大量更新的情况,比如下题)
class NumArray {
private int[] sum; // sum[i]存储前i个元素和, sum[0] = 0
// 即sum[i]存储nums[0...i-1]的和
// sum(i, j) = sum[j + 1] - sum[i]
public NumArray(int[] nums) {
sum = new int[nums.length + 1];
sum[0] = 0;
for(int i = 1 ; i < sum.length ; i ++)
sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + nums[i - 1];
}
public int sumRange(int i, int j) {
return sum[j + 1] - sum[i];
}
}
307. 区域和检索 - 数组可修改
解法一:
上题的解法二能够通过测试,但是所消耗的时间很长。
解法二:
用线段树的操作。
字典树
字典树的实现
- 搜索1000000个单词中的一个,一般需要logn的时间复杂度,而使用字典树则只与单词的长度有关。
字典树的定义:
public class Trie {
private class Node{
public boolean isWord;
public TreeMap<Character, Node> next;
public Node(boolean isWord){
this.isWord = isWord;
next = new TreeMap<>();
}
public Node(){
this(false);
}
}
private Node root;
private int size;
public Trie(){
root = new Node();
size = 0;
}
// 获得Trie中存储的单词数量
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
}
增加新的单词:
// 向Trie中添加一个新的单词word
public void add(String word){
Node cur = root;
for(int i = 0 ; i < word.length() ; i ++){
char c = word.charAt(i);
if(cur.next.get(c) == null)
cur.next.put(c, new Node());
cur = cur.next.get(c);
}
if(!cur.isWord){
cur.isWord = true;
size ++;
}
}
统计是否包含单词:
// 查询单词word是否在Trie中
public boolean contains(String word){
Node cur = root;
for(int i = 0 ; i < word.length() ; i ++){
char c = word.charAt(i);
if(cur.next.get(c) == null)
return false;
cur = cur.next.get(c);
}
return cur.isWord;
}
查询是否在Trie中有单词以prefix为前缀:
// 查询是否在Trie中有单词以prefix为前缀
public boolean startsWith(String isPrefix){
Node cur = root;
for(int i = 0 ; i < isPrefix.length() ; i ++){
char c = isPrefix.charAt(i);
if(cur.next.get(c) == null)
return false;
cur = cur.next.get(c);
}
return true;
}
leetcode相关题目
208. 实现 Trie (前缀树)
解法:使用上述前缀树即可,略。
211. 添加与搜索单词 - 数据结构设计
解法:(难点在于“.”代表任意字符)
public boolean search(String word) {
return match(root, word, 0);
}
private boolean match(Node node, String word, int index){
if(index == word.length())
return node.isWord;
char c = word.charAt(index);
if(c != '.'){
if(node.next.get(c) == null)
return false;
return match(node.next.get(c), word, index + 1);
}
else{
for(char nextChar: node.next.keySet())
if(match(node.next.get(nextChar), word, index + 1))
return true;
return false;
}
}
677. 键值映射
解法:(难点在于先遍历到前缀的末尾,然后再sum操作)
public int sum(String prefix) {
Node cur = root;
for(int i = 0 ; i < prefix.length() ; i ++){
char c = prefix.charAt(i);
if(cur.next.get(c) == null)
return 0;
cur = cur.next.get(c);
}
return sum(cur);
}
private int sum(Node node){
int res = node.value;
for(char c: node.next.keySet())
res += sum(node.next.get(c));
return res;
}