全排列【转】

在leetcode上刷题的时候，偶然看到一位仁兄总结的关于寻找数组的子集（78,90）、全排列（46,47）、在数组中找出等于固定值的元素的集合（39,40）、找出字符串回文子串的集合（131），感觉很惊喜，所以搬运到这里分享给大家，下边是原文链接，里面也有很多讨论。https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/46161/a-general-approach-to-backtracking-questions-in-java-subsets-permutations-combination-sum-palindrome-partitioning/2

      里面比较难想的部分（对于我这种只捡easy模式的题目做的算法小白）是循环里面的递归，每次退栈的时候，会从cur中remove一个元素出来，然后i要加1，继续循环！！，而且一定要弄清楚退栈后i的值是多少。建议大家拿比较简单的{1，2，3}来跟着程序走一遍，能充分的说明问题，如果实在不能理解一层层递归中的各个变量的值的变化，建议在eclipse中，自己打断点，一步步走，观测各个值的变化。

      一通百通，只要搞懂第一个题目，其他的一看就会了。

 

78 Subset

Given a set of distinct integers, nums, return all possible subsets.

Note: The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets.

For example,
If nums = [1,2,3], a solution is:

[
  [3],
  [1],
  [2],
  [1,2,3],
  [1,3],
  [2,3],
  [1,2],
  []
]

public List<List<Integer>> subsets(int[] nums) {
    List<List<Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>();
    Arrays.sort(nums);
    backtrack(list, new ArrayList<>(), nums, 0);
    return list;
}

private void backtrack(List<List<Integer>> list , List<Integer> tempList, int [] nums, int start){
    list.add(new ArrayList<>(tempList));
    for(int i = start; i < nums.length; i++){
        tempList.add(nums[i]);
        backtrack(list, tempList, nums, i + 1);
        tempList.remove(tempList.size() - 1);
    }
}

 

90 Subsets II (contains duplicates)

Given a collection of integers that might contain duplicates, nums, return all possible subsets.

Note: The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets.

For example,
If nums = [1,2,2], a solution is:

[
  [2],
  [1],
  [1,2,2],
  [2,2],
  [1,2],
  []
]

public List<List<Integer>> subsetsWithDup(int[] nums) {
    List<List<Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>();
    Arrays.sort(nums);
    backtrack(list, new ArrayList<>(), nums, 0);
    return list;
}

private void backtrack(List<List<Integer>> list, List<Integer> tempList, int [] nums, int start){
    list.add(new ArrayList<>(tempList));
    for(int i = start; i < nums.length; i++){
        if(i > start && nums[i] == nums[i-1]) continue; // skip duplicates
        tempList.add(nums[i]);
        backtrack(list, tempList, nums, i + 1);
        tempList.remove(tempList.size() - 1);
    }
} 

46 Permutations 

Given a collection of distinct numbers, return all possible permutations.

For example,
[1,2,3] have the following permutations:

[
  [1,2,3],
  [1,3,2],
  [2,1,3],
  [2,3,1],
  [3,1,2],
  [3,2,1]
]

public List<List<Integer>> permute(int[] nums) {
   List<List<Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>();
   // Arrays.sort(nums); // not necessary
   backtrack(list, new ArrayList<>(), nums);
   return list;
}

private void backtrack(List<List<Integer>> list, List<Integer> tempList, int [] nums){
   if(tempList.size() == nums.length){
      list.add(new ArrayList<>(tempList));
   } else{
      for(int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++){ 
         if(tempList.contains(nums[i])) continue; // element already exists, skip
         tempList.add(nums[i]);
         backtrack(list, tempList, nums);
         tempList.remove(tempList.size() - 1);
      }
   }
} 

47 Permutations II (contains duplicates) 

Given a collection of numbers that might contain duplicates, return all possible unique permutations.

For example,
[1,1,2] have the following unique permutations:

[
  [1,1,2],
  [1,2,1],
  [2,1,1]
]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {     List<List<Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>();     Arrays.sort(nums);     backtrack(list, new ArrayList<>(), nums, new boolean[nums.length]);     return list; }   private void backtrack(List<List<Integer>> list, List<Integer> tempList, int [] nums, boolean [] used){     if(tempList.size() == nums.length){         list.add(new ArrayList<>(tempList));     } else{         for(int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++){             if(used[i] || i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i-1] && !used[i - 1]) continue;             used[i] = true;             tempList.add(nums[i]);             backtrack(list, tempList, nums, used);             used[i] = false;             tempList.remove(tempList.size() - 1);         }     } }

39 Combination Sum 

Given a set of candidate numbers (C) (without duplicates) and a target number (T), find all unique combinations in C where the candidate numbers sums to T.

The same repeated number may be chosen from C unlimited number of times.

Note:

• All numbers (including target) will be positive integers.
• The solution set must not contain duplicate combinations.

 

For example, given candidate set [2, 3, 6, 7] and target 7, 
A solution set is: 

[
  [7],
  [2, 2, 3]
]

public List<List<Integer>> combinationSum(int[] nums, int target) {
    List<List<Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>();
    Arrays.sort(nums);
    backtrack(list, new ArrayList<>(), nums, target, 0);
    return list;
}

private void backtrack(List<List<Integer>> list, List<Integer> tempList, int [] nums, int remain, int start){
    if(remain < 0) return;
    else if(remain == 0) list.add(new ArrayList<>(tempList));
    else{ 
        for(int i = start; i < nums.length; i++){
            tempList.add(nums[i]);
            backtrack(list, tempList, nums, remain - nums[i], i); // not i + 1 because we can reuse same elements
            tempList.remove(tempList.size() - 1);
        }
    }
}

40 Combination Sum II (can't reuse same element) 

Given a collection of candidate numbers (C) and a target number (T), find all unique combinations in C where the candidate numbers sums to T.

Each number in C may only be used once in the combination.

Note:

• All numbers (including target) will be positive integers.
• The solution set must not contain duplicate combinations.

 

For example, given candidate set [10, 1, 2, 7, 6, 1, 5] and target 8, 
A solution set is: 

[
  [1, 7],
  [1, 2, 5],
  [2, 6],
  [1, 1, 6]
]

public List<List<Integer>> combinationSum2(int[] nums, int target) {
    List<List<Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>();
    Arrays.sort(nums);
    backtrack(list, new ArrayList<>(), nums, target, 0);
    return list;
    
}

private void backtrack(List<List<Integer>> list, List<Integer> tempList, int [] nums, int remain, int start){
    if(remain < 0) return;
    else if(remain == 0) list.add(new ArrayList<>(tempList));
    else{
        for(int i = start; i < nums.length; i++){
            if(i > start && nums[i] == nums[i-1]) continue; // skip duplicates
            tempList.add(nums[i]);
            backtrack(list, tempList, nums, remain - nums[i], i + 1);
            tempList.remove(tempList.size() - 1); 
        }
    }
} 

131 Palindrome Partitioning

Given a string s, partition s such that every substring of the partition is a palindrome.

Return all possible palindrome partitioning of s.

For example, given s = "aab",
Return

[
  ["aa","b"],
  ["a","a","b"]
]

public List<List<String>> partition(String s) {
   List<List<String>> list = new ArrayList<>();
   backtrack(list, new ArrayList<>(), s, 0);
   return list;
}

public void backtrack(List<List<String>> list, List<String> tempList, String s, int start){
   if(start == s.length())
      list.add(new ArrayList<>(tempList));
   else{
      for(int i = start; i < s.length(); i++){
         if(isPalindrome(s, start, i)){
            tempList.add(s.substring(start, i + 1));
            backtrack(list, tempList, s, i + 1);
            tempList.remove(tempList.size() - 1);
         }
      }
   }
}

public boolean isPalindrome(String s, int low, int high){
   while(low < high)
      if(s.charAt(low++) != s.charAt(high--)) return false;
   return true;
}