MIT_单变量微积分_24

1.三角函数的积分以及三角替换

三角学常用函数：

• $si{n}^2\Theta +co{s}^2\Theta =1$
• $cos(2\Theta )=co{s}^2\Theta -si{n}^2\Theta$
• $sin(2\Theta )=2sin\Theta cos\Theta$

半角公式：
$$\begin{gathered} cos(2\Theta )=co{s}^2\Theta -si{n}^2\Theta \\ =co{s}^2\Theta -(1-co{s}^2\Theta ) \\ =2co{s}^2(2\Theta )-1 \end{gathered}$$
可以得知：
$$\begin{gathered} co{s}^2\Theta =\frac{1+cos(2\Theta )}{2} \\ si{n}^2\Theta =\frac{1-cos(2\Theta )}{2} \\ dsinx=(cosx)dx\Rightarrow \int cosxdx=sinx+C \\ dcosx=(-sinx)dx\Rightarrow \int sinxdx=-cosx+C \end{gathered}$$
Ex:$\int si{n}^n(x)co{s}^m(x)dx(m,n=0,1,2.....)$m,n至少有一个奇数.
(1)$m=1$
令$u=sinx$,则：
$$\begin{gathered} \int si{n}^n(x)cosxdx=\int u^{n}dx \\ =\int u^{n}du \\ =\frac{u^{n+1}}{n+1}+C \\ =\frac{(sinx{)}^{n+1}}{n+1}+C \end{gathered}$$
(2)$n=3,m=2$
$$\begin{gathered} \int si{n}^{3}xco{s}^{2}xdx \\ =\int (1-co{s}^{2}x)sinxco{s}^{2}xdx \\ =\int (co{s}^{2}x-co{s}^{4}x)sinxdx \\ 令u=cosx,du=-sinxdx \\ =\int (u^2-u^4)(-du) \\ =\frac{1}{5}{u}^5-\frac{1}{3}{u}^3+C \\ =\frac{1}{5}(cosx{)}^5-\frac{1}{3}(cosx{)}^3+C \end{gathered}$$
(3)$n=3,m=0$
$$\begin{gathered} \int si{n}^{3}xdx \\ =\int (1-co{s}^{2}x)sinxdx \\ 令u=cosx,du=-sinxdx \\ =\int (1-u^2)x(-du) \\ =\frac{1}{3}{u}^3-u+C \\ =\frac{1}{3}(cosx{)}^3-cosx+C \end{gathered}$$

半角公式的使用：
$$\begin{gathered} \int co{s}^{2}xdx=\int \frac{1+cos(2x)}{2}dx \\ =\frac{1}{2}x+\frac{sin(2x)}{4}+C \end{gathered}$$
Ex:
$$\begin{gathered} \int si{n}^{2}co{s}^{2}dx \\ =\int (\frac{1-cos(2x)}{2})(\frac{1+cos(2x)}{2})dx \\ =\int \frac{1-co{s}^2(2x)}{4}dx \\ =\int (\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1+cos(4x)}{4\ast 2})dx \\ =\int (\frac{1}{8}-\frac{cos4x}{8})dx \\ =\frac{1}{8}x-\frac{sin4x}{8}+C \end{gathered}$$
Ex
$$\begin{gathered} si{n}^{2}xco{s}^{2}x=(sinxcosx{)}^2 \\ =(\frac{sin(2x)}{2}{)}^2 \\ =\frac{si{n}^2(2x)}{4} \\ =\frac{1}{4}(\frac{1-cos(4x)}{2}) \end{gathered}$$
三角替换：
$$\begin{gathered} \int \sqrt{a^2-y^2}dy \\ =\int (acos\Theta )(acos\Theta d\Theta ) \\ =a^2\int co{s}^2\Theta d\Theta \\ =a^2(\frac{\Theta }{2}+\frac{sin(2\Theta )}{4})+C \end{gathered}$$