线性代数笔记——李宏毅老师

basic conception

Zero Matrix

matrix with all zero entries, denoted by $O$ (any size) or $O_{m\times n}$

For example, a 2-by-3 zero matrix can be denoted
$$O_{2\times 3}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right]$$

Identity Matrix

must be square,Sometimes $I_n$ is simply written as $I$ (any size).
$$I_3=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$$

$(0,1)$ matrices

all the entities of A are zeros and ones called (0,1)matrices.
$$I_3=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 1& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 1\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\end{array}\right]$$
get symmetirc matrix:$A^{T}A$

在生活中，我们会经常用到(0,1)矩阵(涉及图)

Standard Vectors

we can write any vector $\left[\begin{array}{c}a\\ b\end{array}\right]$in $R^2$ as a linear combination of the two vectors $\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\end{array}\right]$and$\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]$

as follows:
$$\left[\begin{array}{c}a\\ b\end{array}\right]=a\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\end{array}\right]+b\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]$$
the vectors $\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\end{array}\right]$ and$\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]$ are called the standard vectors of $R^2$ .

In general, we define the standard vectors of $R^n$ by
$${\mathbf{e}}_1=\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ ⋮\\ 0\end{array}\right]{\mathbf{e}}_2=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ ⋮\\ 0\end{array}\right]\cdots {\mathbf{e}}_{\mathbf{n}}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ ⋮\\ 1\end{array}\right]$$

Linear Combination

• Given a vector set { u 1 , u 2 , ⋯   , u k } \{\mathbf{u_1},\mathbf{u_2},\cdots,\mathbf{u_k}\} { u1​,u2​,⋯,uk​}
  The linear combination of the vectors in the set:
  • $v=c_1{\mathbf{u}}_1+c_2{\mathbf{u}}_2+\cdots +c_k{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathbf{k}}$
  • $c_1,c_2,\cdots ,c_k$ are scalars (Coefficients of linear combination)
• the set of coefficients that express one vector as a linear combination of the others need not be unique
• 以线性方程组的思想理解线性组合

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{a}_{11}{x}_1+a_{12}{x}_2+...+a_{1n}{x}_n=b_1\\ a_{21}{x}_1+a_{22}{x}_2+...+a_{2n}{x}_n=b_2\\ ⋮\\ a_{m1}{x}_1+a_{m2}{x}_n+...+a_{mn}{x}_n=b_n\end{array}$$

$$A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\mathbf{a}}_1& {\mathbf{a}}_2& \cdots ,{\mathbf{a}}_{\mathbf{n}}\end{array}\right]$$

$$\mathbf{x}=\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}_1\\ x_2\\ ⋮\\ x_n\end{array}\right]coeffients$$

A x = x 1 a 1 + x 2 a 2 + x