python 文件的基本操作

	(今天的学习都是基于 GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt的文本文档)

 1 Green Flower Porcelain
 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.
 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.
 4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,
 5 Just like a green flower porcelain.
 6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,
 7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.
 8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.
 9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.
10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.
11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.
12 But it's all over now you're gone.

文件概念

编程中，很多时候都离不开对文件的操作。在人工智能中，很多东西会涉及到数据科学，经常需要我们处理一些数据。这些数据通常会保存在一些文件里，然后，我们运用Python以及相关的数据科学等库生成或者处理这些文件。

在Python中，常用的可以生成或者读取的文件类型有很多，比如txt, csv, xlsx, json, xml,html, mp3, mp4等文件。

文件的打开与关闭

(1) open()

用Python进行文件的读取操作，必须先用Python内置的open()函数打开一个文件，创建一个file对象，相关的方法才可以调用它进行读写。

语法格式如下:

>>> f = open(file_name [,mode][,encoding="utf-8"][,buffering])

各个参数的解释如下：

• file_object是open()返回的文件对象；
• file_name：是要访问的—文件名的字符串值。
• mode：决定了打开文件的模式：只读，写入，追加等。所有可取值见如下的完全列表，这个参数是非强制的，默认文件访问模式为只读®。
• encoding指定文件编码，一般使用"utf-8"或者"gbk"。
• buffering：如果buffering的值被设为0，就不会有寄存；如果buffering的值取1，访问文件时会寄存行；如果将buffering的值设为大于1的整数，表明了这就是的寄存区的缓冲大小；如果取负值，寄存区的缓冲大小则为系统默认。

读取txt文本的内容

f = open("文件名.txt","r",encoding="utf-8")
f.read() #阅读
f.close() #关闭

(2) file对象的属性

​ 一个文件被打开后，会得到一个file对象，你可以得到有关该文件的各种信息。

一下是和file对象相关的常用属性的列表：

属性	描述
f.name	返回文件的名称。
f.mode	返回被打开文件的访问模式。
f.closed	返回true如果文件已被关闭，否则返回false。返回true如果文件已被关闭，否则返回false。

不同模式打开文件的完全列表：

模式	描述
r	以只读方式打开文件。文件的指针将会放在文件的开头。这是默认模式。
rb	以二进制格式打开一个文件用于只读。文件指针将会放在文件的开头。这是默认模式。
r+	打开一个文件用于读写。文件指针将会放在文件的开头。
rb+	以二进制格式打开一个文件用于读写。文件指针将会放在文件的开头。
w	打开一个文件只用于写入。如果该文件已存在则将其覆盖。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件。
wb	以二进制格式打开一个文件只用于写入。如果该文件已存在则将其覆盖。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件。
w+	打开一个文件用于读写。如果该文件已存在则将其覆盖。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件。
wb+	以二进制格式打开一个文件用于读写。如果该文件已存在则将其覆盖。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件。
a	打开一个文件用于追加。如果该文件已存在，文件指针将会放在文件的结尾。也就是说，新的内容将会被写入到已有内容之后。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件进行写入。
ab	以二进制格式打开一个文件用于追加。如果该文件已存在，文件指针将会放在文件的结尾。也就是说，新的内容将会被写入到已有内容之后。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件进行写入。
a+	打开一个文件用于读写。如果该文件已存在，文件指针将会放在文件的结尾。文件打开时会是追加模式。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件用于读写。
ab+	以二进制格式打开一个文件用于追加。如果该文件已存在，文件指针将会放在文件的结尾。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件用于读写。

(3) close() 函数

​ file对象的 close()方法刷新缓冲区里任何还没写入的信息，并关闭该文件，这之后便不能再进行写入。当一个文件对象的引用被重新指定给另一个文件时，Python 会关闭之前的文件。用 close()方法关闭文件是一个很好的习惯。

因为文件对象会占用计算机操作系统的资源，并且操作系统同一时间能打开的文件数量也是有限的，为节省计算机资源和提高性能，我们需要在使用完文件后，将其关闭。

#### 文件的读写操作

file对象提供了一系列方法，能让我们的文件访问更轻松。来看看如何使用read()和write()方法来读取和写入文件。

##### (1) write()

write()方法可将任何字符串写入一个打开的文件。需要重点注意的是，Python字符串可以是二进制数据，而不是仅仅是文字。write()方法不会在字符串的结尾添加换行符(’\n’)：

语法：

f.write(string)

在这里，被传递的参数是要写入到已打开文件的内容。

如：

>>> f = open("TestFile.txt", "w+", encoding="utf-8")
>>> f.write("青花瓷十分好听!")
8
>>> f.close()
>>>

上述方法会创建TestFile.txt文件，并将收到的内容写入该文件，并最终关闭文件。如果你打开这个文件，将看到以下内容:

青花瓷十分好听!

##### (2) read()方法

read()     一次读取全部文件内容。这里，Python字符串可以是二进制数据，而不是仅仅是文字。

语法：

fileObject.read([count])

- 该方法从文件的开头开始读入，传递的count是要从已打开文件中读取的字节计数。
- 如果没有传入count，读取全部文件内容。

例：这里我们用到以上创建的 TestFile.txt 文件。

>>> f = open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt", "r")
>>> sr1 = f.read(20)
>>> sr1
' 1 Green Flower Porc'
>>> len(sr1)
20
>>> f = open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt", "r")
>>> f.read()

" 1 Green Flower Porcelain\n 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.\n 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.\n 4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,\n 5 Just like a green flower porce lain.\n 6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,\n 7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.\n 8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.\n 9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.\n10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.\n11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.\n12 But it's all over now you're gone."
>>>

(3) readline()方法

• f.readline() 会从文件中读取单独一行。换行符为’\n’。

  f.readline() 如果会返回一个空字符串，说明已经读取到最后一行。

>>> f = open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt","r")
>>> f.readline()
' 1 Green Flower Porcelain\n'
>>> f.readline()
' 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.\n'
>>> f.readline()
' 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.\n'
>>> for i in range(3):
...
>>>
>>> f.readline(2)
' 4'
>>> f.readline(20)
' You are so beautifu'
>>> f.close()
>>>

(4)readlines()方法

​ f.readlines([sizehint])

• 以列表的形式返回该文件中包含的所有行，列表中的一项表示文件的一行。
• 如果设置可选参数 sizehint，则读取指定长度的字节，并且将这些字节安行分割。

>>> f = open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt","r")
>>> f.readlines()
[' 1 Green Flower Porcelain\n', ' 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.\n', ' 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.\n', " 4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,\n", ' 5 Just like a green flower porcelain.\n', " 6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,\n", ' 7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.\n', ' 8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.\n', ' 9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.\n', '10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.\n', '11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.\n', "12 But it's all over now you're gone."]
>>>

另一种方式是迭代一个文件对象然后读取每行：

>>> f = open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt","r")
>>> for line in f:
...     print(line)
...

 1 Green Flower Porcelain

 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.

 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.

 4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,

 5 Just like a green flower porcelain.

 6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,

 7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.

 8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.

 9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.

10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.

11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.

12 But it's all over now you're gone.
>>>

>>> f = open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt","r")
>>> for line in f:
...     print(line,end="")
...

 1 Green Flower Porcelain
 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.
 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.
 4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,
 5 Just like a green flower porcelain.
 6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,
 7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.
 8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.
 9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.
10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.
11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.
12 But it's all over now you're gone.>>>

 1 Green Flower Porcelain
| 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.
| 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.
| 4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,
| 5 Just like a green flower porcelain.
| 6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,
| 7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.
| 8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.
| 9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.
|10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.
|11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.
|12 But it's all over now you're gone.|>>>

1 Green Flower Porcelain
2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.
3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.
4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,
5 Just like a green flower porcelain.
6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,
7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.
8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.
9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.
10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.
11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.
12 But it's all over now you're gone.
>>>

我们在写程序的时候，读写随时可能产生错误，一旦出错，无法调用close()方法，就不能保证在出错时能正确关闭文件。

所以，为了保证无论是否出错都能正确地关闭文件，我们可以用下列方法：

方法1：

>>> with open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt","r",encoding="utf-8") as f:
...     print(f.read())
...
 1 Green Flower Porcelain
 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.
 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.
 4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,
 5 Just like a green flower porcelain.
 6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,
 7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.
 8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.o 
 9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.
10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.
11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.
12 But it's all over now you're gone.
>>>

方法2：

>>> with open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt","w",encoding="utf-8") as f:
...     f.write('Hello,World')
...
11
>>>

#### 文件定位读取

- f.seek()
  - seek（offset [,from]） 改变当前文件的位置。
    - Offset变量表示要移动的字节数。
    - From变量指定开始移动字节的参考位置。如果from被设为0，这意味着将文件的开头作为移动字节的参考位置。如果设为1，则使用当前的位置作为参考位置。如果它被设为2，那么该文件的末尾将作为参考位置。

f = open(文件名)
f.seek([偏移字节数], 0) # 开头
f.seek([偏移字节数], 1) # 当前操作的位置
f.seek([偏移字节数], 2) # 末尾

- f.tell()  
- tell() 获取文件内的当前位置；换句话说，下一次的读写会发生在文件开头这么多字节之后。

例子：

>>> f = open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt")
>>> f.read(30)
' 1 Green Flower Porcelain\n 2 Y'
>>> f.tell()
31
>>> f.seek(32)
32
>>> f.tell()
32
>>> f.read(30)
'u are the face that has change'
>>>

文件操作

Python的os模块提供了执行文件处理操作的方法，比如重命名和删除文件。需使用这个模块，必须先导入它，然后才可以调用相关的各种功能。

• 文件重命名

# 先创建一个TestFile.txt的文件
>>> import os
>>> os.rename("TestFile.txt","TestFild.md")#第一个参数是已经创建好的文件，第二个参数是改变后缀名为.md的文件

• 文件删除

>>> import os
>>> os.remove("TestFile.md")

目录操作

• 文件夹创建

>>> import os
>>> os.mkdir("test_folder")

• 获取当前目录

>>> import os
>>> os.getcwd()

• 删除目录

>>> import os
>>> os.rmdir("test")

• 改变默认目录(指定文件夹)

import os
os.chdir("../")

• 获取目录列表

import os
os.listdir()

作业1：

从GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt 文件读取内容到a.txt文件中

>>> f = open("GreenFlowerPorcelain.txt","r")
>>> ff=f.read()
>>> ff
" 1 Green Flower Porcelain\n 2 You are the face that has changed my whole world.\n 3 You are the face that I see everywhere I go.\n 4 You are so beautiful to me that I can't explain ,\n 5 Just like a green flower porcelain.\n 6 You're like a moon that I awaken to say hello,\n 7 So beautiful and bright that you make me content to play it so.\n 8 I see your face on the leaves,telling me how lonely I have been.\n 9 This is a dream of mine that I have just dreamed.\n10 Just see your smiling face everywhere I go.\n11 The love I feel for you to shine inside me.\n12 But it's all over now you're gone."
>>> fff = open("a.txt","w")
>>> fff.write(ff)
588
>>> fff.close()	#关闭
>>> f.close()	#关闭

作业2：

演示修改文件名称(并不会真的改变文件名称)

>>> name = "tesGreenFlowerPorcelain.txt"
>>> pos = name.rfind('.')
>>> new_name = name[:pos] + '_copy' + name[pos:]
>>> new_name
'tesGreenFlowerPorcelain_copy.txt'

作业2_1：

input演示修改文件名称(并不会真的改变文件名称)

name = input("请输入一个文件名称: ")
pos = name.rfind('.')
new_name = name[:pos] + '_copy' + name[pos:]
print(new_name)

作业3：

input输入 复制一个文件，并重命名

name = input("请输入一个文件名称: ")
pos = name.rfind('.')
new_name = name[:pos] + '_copy' + name[pos:]
# print(new_name)
f1 = open(name,"r",encoding="utf-8")
content = f1.read()
f2 = open(new_name,"w",encoding="utf-8")
f2.write(content)
f1.close()
f2.close()

批量重命名

• (1)获取要命名的文件夹名字
• (2)获取指定文件夹中 所有文件的名字
• (3)重命名

(1)指定默认文件夹

# 首先咱们创建一个文件夹 后在里面创建几个文件 接下来就可以进行下面的操作了
import os

# (1) 获取要命名的文件夹名字
folder_name = input("请输入要重命名的文件夹：")
# (2) 获取指定文夹中 所有文件的名字
files_name = os.listdir(folder_name) # 不加报错

os.chdir(folder_name)
# (3) 重命名
for name in files_name:
	print(name)
    os.rename(name,"[长沙]-"+name)

(2)不指定默认文件夹

# 需求：对文件夹里面的所有文本文档做出重命名(在名字的前面加上Test-)
import os

# (1) 获取要命名的文件名字
folder_name = input("请输入要重命名的文件夹：")
# (2) 获取指定文件夹中 所有文件的名字
files_name = os.listdir(folder_name) # 不加报错

# os.chdir(folder_name)
# (3) 重命名
for name in files_name:
    print(name)
    old_file_name = folder_name + "/" + name
    new_file_name = folder_name + "/" + "Test-" + name
    os.rename(old_file_name,new_filw_name)