python编程从入门到实践 笔记8

第九章 类

1.创建和实用类

①.创建Dog类

class Dog():
    #__init__()是一种特殊的方法，每当根据Dog类创建新实例时，Python都会自动运行它
    #开头和结尾带有__是一种约束，旨在避免Python默认方法与普通方法发生冲突
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        """初始化属性name和age"""
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def sit(self):
        """模拟小狗蹲下"""
        print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting! ")
    def roll_over(self):
        """模拟小狗打滚"""
        print(self.name.title()+" is rolling!")

#根据类创建实例
my_dog = Dog('tom',6)
# 访问属性
print("My dog is "+my_dog.name.title())
print("My dog is "+str(my_dog.age)+" years old!")
# 调用方法
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()

运行结果如下：

 2.使用类和实例

①.Car类

# class Car():
#     def __init__(self,make,model,year):
#         """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
#         self.make = make
#         self.model = model
#         self.year = year
#
#     def get_descriptive_name(self):
#         long_name = str(self.year)+' '+self.make+' '+self.model
#         return long_name.title()
#
# my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
# print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

运行结果：

 

②.给属性指定默认值

# class Car():
#     def __init__(self,make,model,year):
#         """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
#         self.make = make
#         self.model = model
#         self.year = str(year)
#         self.odometer_reading = 0
#
#     def get_descriptive_name(self):
#         long_name = self.year + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
#         return long_name.title()
#
#     def read_odometer(self):
#         """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
#         print("This car has "+ str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")
#
# my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
# print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
# my_new_car.read_odometer()

运行结果：

 ③.修改属性的值

#方法1.直接修改属性的值
# class Car():
#     def __init__(self,make,model,year):
#         """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
#         self.make = make
#         self.model = model
#         self.year = str(year)
#         self.odometer_reading = 0
#
#     def get_descriptive_name(self):
#         long_name = self.year + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
#         return long_name.title()
#     def read_odometer(self):
#         """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
#         print("This car has "+ str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")
#
# my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
# print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
# my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
# my_new_car.read_odometer()

运行结果：

 

#方法2.通过方法修改属性的值
# class Car():
#     def __init__(self,make,model,year):
#         """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
#         self.make = make
#         self.model = model
#         self.year = str(year)
#         self.odometer_reading = 0
#
#     def get_descriptive_name(self):
#         long_name = self.year + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
#         return long_name.title()
#
#     def read_odometer(self):
#         """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
#         print("This car has "+ str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")
#
#     def update_odometer(self,mileage):
#         """将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
#         self.odometer_reading = mileage
#
# my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
# print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
#
# my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
# my_new_car.read_odometer()


运行结果：

 

#方法3.通过方法对属性的值进行递增
class Car():
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = str(year)
        self.odometer_reading = 0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = self.year + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
        print("This car has "+ str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")

    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        """将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        """将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
        self.odometer_reading += miles

my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.increment_odometer(12)
my_new_car.update_odometer(10)
my_new_car.read_odometer()

运行结果：

 

3.继承

# 编写类时，并非总是要从空白开始。如果你要编写的类是另一个现成类的特殊版本，可使用继承
#一个类继承另一个类时，他将自动获得另一个类的所有属性和方法
#原有的类成为父类，新类为子类
#出了继承父类的属性和方法，还可以定义自己的属性和方法

1.子类的方法 __init__()

#模拟电动汽车
#创建子类时，父类必须包含在当前文件中，且位于子类前面
#定义子类时，必须在括号内指定父类的名称
# class Car():
#     def __init__(self,make,model,year):
#         """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
#         self.make = make
#         self.model = model
#         self.year = year
#         self.odometer_reading =0
#
#     def get_descriptive_name(self):
#         long_name = str(self.year)+' '+self.make+' '+self.model
#         return long_name.title()
#
#     def read_odometer(self):
#         """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
#         print("This car has "+ str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")
#
#     def update_odometer(self, mileage):
#         if mileage >=self.odometer_reading:
#             self.odometer_reading = mileage
#         else:
#             print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
#
#     def increment_odometer(self,miles):
#         self.odometer_reading += miles

# class ElectricCar(Car):
#     """电动汽车的独特之处"""
#     def __init__(self,make,model,year):
#         """初始化父类的属性"""
#         super().__init__(make,model,year)
#         #super()帮助python将父类和子类关联起来

# 创建ElectricCar实例，赋给变量my_tesla
# my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','models',2016)
# print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

运行结果：

 2.给子类定义属性和方法

# class ElectricCar(Car):
#     """电动汽车的独特之处"""
#     def __init__(self,make,model,year):
#         """初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性"""
#         super().__init__(make,model,year)
#         self.battery_size = 70
#
#     def describe_battery(self):
#         """打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"""
#         print("This car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+"-kwh battery.")
#
# my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','models',2016)
# print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
# my_tesla.describe_battery()

运行结果：

 3.重写父类的方法和将实例用作属性

#对于父类的方法，只要他不符合子类模拟的实物的行为，都可以对其进行重写
#重写完后，调用时会自动忽略父类的方法，只运行子类的方法


#当类的属性过多，可以提出来一部分单独列出来
class Car():
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading =0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = str(self.year)+' '+self.make+' '+self.model
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
        print("This car has "+ str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")

    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        if mileage >=self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        self.odometer_reading += miles

class Battery():
    """一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self,battery_size=70):
        """初始化电瓶的属性"""
        self.battery_size = battery_size

    def describe_battery(self):
        """打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"""
        print("This car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+"-kwh battery.")

    def get_range(self):
        """打印一条消息，指出电瓶的续航里程"""
        if self.battery_size == 70:
            range = 240
        elif self.battery_size == 85:
            range = 270
        else:
            range = 60

        message = "This car can go approximately "+str(range)
        message += " miles on a full charge."
        print(message)

class ElectricCar(Car):
    """电动汽车的独特之处"""
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        """初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性"""
        super().__init__(make,model,year)
        self.battery = Battery()

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','models',2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
my_tesla.battery.get_range()

运行结果：

 

4.导入类

car.py

"""一个可用于表示汽车的类"""

class Car():
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
        print("This car has "+ str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")

    def update_odometer(self,mileage):
        """将里程表读数设置为指定的值，拒绝将里程表往回拨"""
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        """将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
        self.odometer_reading += miles

class Battery():
    """一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self,battery_size=70):
        """初始化电瓶的属性"""
        self.battery_size = battery_size

    def describe_battery(self):
        """打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"""
        print("This car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+"-bwh battery.")

    def get_range(self):
        """打印一条描述电瓶续航里程的消息"""
        if self.battery_size == 70:
            range = 240
        elif self.battery_size == 85:
            range = 270

        message = "This car can go approximately "+str(range)
        message += " miles on a full charge."
        print(message)


class ElertricCar(Car):
    """模拟电动车的独特之处"""
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        """初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性"""
        super().__init__(make,model,year)
        self.battery = Battery()

my_car.py

from car import Car

my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odometer()