CS162 Lecture1 --Operating System Overview

汇总

硬件基础

• BIOS:Basic Input Output System
• PC(program counter) SP(stack pointer)
• CS:IP code segment : instruction pointer.
• .s source code files written in assembly

Overview

Compare of cs61c and cs162

• Processor – Thread
• Memory – Address Space
• Disks,SSDS,… – Files
• Networks – Sockets
• Machines – Processes

Instruction Fetch/Decode/Execute

Four fundamental OS concepts

• Thread: Single unique execution context(Fully desribes program state)
• Address space: set of memory address accessible to program(r/o)
• Process: an instance of a running program(protected address space+ >=1 threads)
• Dual Mode operation/Protection(only the “system” has the ability to access certain resources)

主课

Thread

Concept

• 3 states
  • running
  • ready – eligible to run, but not currently running
  • blocked – ineligible to run (e.g.waiting for an I/O to finish)
• Concurrency vs parallelism
  • Concurrency is about handling multiple things at once
  • Parallelism is about doing multiple things simultaneously
  • Parallel => concurrent, but not the other way round!

Networked servers must handle concurrent requests

Parallel programs must parallelise for performance

Concurrency

• run two threads concurrently

  • Scheduler is free to run threads in any order and interleaving
  • Thread may run to completion or time-slice in big chunks or small chunks

• Multiprocessing vs multithreading

  • Multiprocessing: Multiple CPUs(cores)
  • Multithreading: Multiple threads/processes

Address Space

Simple Address translation with base and bound

Process

Thread encapsulate concurrency

Address spaces encapsulate protection

Interrupt

Example:web server

UNIX process management

• fork – system call to create a copy of the current process, and start it running

  • No arguments!

• exec – system call to change the program being run by the current process

  • example: shell程序先copy原有shell然后清除

• wait – system call to wait for a process to finish

• signal – system call to send a notification to another process

Dual Mode Operation

Unix structure

3 types of user$\to$kernel mode transfer

• syscall
  • process requests a system service,e.g.,exit()
  • like a function call, but “outside” the process
• interrupt
  • external asychronous event triggers context switch
  • e.g.,timer, I/O device
• trap/exception
  • internal asychronous event in process triggers context switch
  • e.g.,protection violation(segment fault),divide by zero