从java城堡游戏 学习设计原则

概述

学习java语言已经有三天时间了，因为此前有C/C++语言的基础，对面向对象这些概念还比较清楚，学习java基础要轻松一点。虽然是刚刚接触，但是能明显感受到java语言写起来要比C++轻松不少，而且语言的生态也明显更好。
这次的学习案例来自翁恺老师的MOOC面向对象程序设计——java语言,B站也有这套课程的完整视频，传送门。本次要讨论的主题是设计原则，这个主题很大，不过用来说明问题的小程序的代码量并不大，是精心设计过的，认真学完还是会有很大收获。

城堡游戏v1.0

案例是一个文字版的城堡游戏，有Room和Game两个类组成，跑起来没有任何问题，简单运行一下就可以了解程序的功能。但是能运行的代码与一份高质量的代码还有这很大的差距，先阅读一下源码，并找出你认为存在问题的地方吧。

//Room.java:
package castle;

public class Room {
   
    public String description;
    public Room northExit;
    public Room southExit;
    public Room eastExit;
    public Room westExit;

    public Room(String description) 
    {
   
        this.description = description;
    }

    public void setExits(Room north, Room east, Room south, Room west) 
    {
   
        if(north != null)
            northExit = north;
        if(east != null)
            eastExit = east;
        if(south != null)
            southExit = south;
        if(west != null)
            westExit = west;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString()
    {
   
        return description;
    }
}

//Game.java
package castle;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Game {
   
    private Room currentRoom;
        
    public Game() 
    {
   
        createRooms();
    }

    private void createRooms()
    {
   
        Room outside, lobby, pub, study, bedroom;
      
        //	制造房间
        outside = new Room("城堡外");
        lobby = new Room("大堂");
        pub = new Room("小酒吧");
        study = new Room("书房");
        bedroom = new Room("卧室");
        
        //	初始化房间的出口
        outside.setExits(null, lobby, study, pub);
        lobby.setExits(null, null, null, outside);
        pub.setExits(null, outside, null, null);
        study.setExits(outside, bedroom, null, null);
        bedroom.setExits(null, null, null, study);

        currentRoom = outside;  //	从城堡门外开始
    }

    private void printWelcome() {
   
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("欢迎来到城堡！");
        System.out.println("这是一个超级无聊的游戏。");
        System.out.println("如果需要帮助，请输入 'help' 。");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("现在你在" + currentRoom);
        System.out.print("出口有：");
        if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
            System.out.print("north ");
        if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
            System.out.print("east ");
        if(currentRoom.southExit != null)
            System.out.print("south ");
        if(currentRoom.westExit != null)
            System.out.print("west ");
        System.out.println();
    }

    // 以下为用户命令

    private void printHelp() 
    {
   
        System.out.print("迷路了吗？你可以做的命令有：go bye help");
        System.out.println("如：\tgo east");
    }

    private void goRoom(String direction) 
    {
   
        Room nextRoom = null;
        if(direction.equals("north")) {
   
            nextRoom = currentRoom.northExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("east")) {
   
            nextRoom = currentRoom.eastExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("south")) {
   
            nextRoom = currentRoom.southExit;
        }
        if(direction.equals("west")) {
   
            nextRoom = currentRoom.westExit;
        }

        if (nextRoom == null) {
   
            System.out.println("那里没有门！");
        }
        else {
   
            currentRoom = nextRoom;
            System.out.println("你在" + currentRoom);
            System.out.