How to write a thesis proposal 怎么写主题论文

Senior research projects have the following elements in common:

1. An environmental issue is identified.
2. Other people’s work on the topic is collected and evaluated.
3. Data necessary to solving the problem are either collected by the student, or obtained independently.
4. Data are analyzed using techniques appropriate to the data set.
5. Results of the analysis are reported and are interpreted in light of the initial environmental issue.
   高级研究项目具有以下共同点：
   1.确定环境问题。
   2.收集并评估其他人在该主题上的工作。
   3.解决问题所需的数据要么由学生收集，要么独立获得。
   4.使用适合数据集的技术分析数据。
   5.报告分析结果，并根据最初的环境问题进行解释。

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The final outcome of this process is a senior thesis that you will complete in the spring semester. The goal of the fall semester is that you identify a research topic, find a research mentor, formulate a hypothesis, understand the background of your project, develop or adapt appropriate methods, and summarize the state of your project as a thesis proposal. The goal is to progress as far as possible with the elements listed above during the fall semester. The more you can accomplish during the fall, the further you can drive the project in the end, and the more relaxed the spring semester is going to be for you (and us).
该过程的最终结果是一份高级论文，您将在春季学期完成该论文。 秋季学期的目标是确定研究主题，寻找研究导师，拟定假设，了解项目背景，开发或采用适当的方法以及将项目状态作为论文建议加以总结。 目标是在秋季学期中尽可能地利用以上列出的要素。 在秋天，您可以完成的工作越多，最终您可以推动项目进行的越多，春季学期对您（以及我们）的放松就越轻松。

The purpose of writing a thesis proposal is to demonstrate that
7. the thesis topic addresses a significant environmental problem;
8. an organized plan is in place for collecting or obtaining data to help solve the problem;
9. methods of data analysis have been identified and are appropriate to the data set.
If you can outline these points clearly in a proposal, then you will be able to focus on a research topic and finish it rapidly. A secondary purpose of the proposal is to train you in the art of proposal writing. Any future career in Environmental Sciences, whether it be in industry or academia will require these skills in some form.
撰写论文建议的目的是证明
7.论文主题解决了一个重大的环境问题；
8.制定有计划的计划来收集或获取数据以帮助解决问题；
9.已经确定了数据分析方法，这些方法适用于数据集。
如果您可以在提案中清楚地概述这些要点，那么您将能够专注于研究主题并快速完成它。 提案的第二个目的是培训您撰写提案的技巧。 环境科学的任何未来职业，无论是在工业界还是学术界，都将以某种形式要求这些技能。

We are well aware that the best laid out research plans may go awry, and that the best completed theses sometimes bear only little resemblance to the thesis planned during the proposal. Therefore, when evaluating a thesis proposal, we are not trying to assure ourselves that you have clearly described a sure-fire research project with 0% risk of failure. (If there was no risk of failure, it wouldn’t be research.)
我们深知，最好的研究计划可能会出错，并且最好完成的论文有时与提案中计划的论文几乎没有相似之处。 因此，在评估论文提案时，我们并不是要确保自己已经清楚地描述了一个肯定失败的研究项目，失败风险为0％。 （如果没有失败的风险，那将不是研究。）

Instead, what we’re interested in seeing is if you have a clear handle on the process and structure of research as it’s practiced by our discipline. If you can present a clear and reasonable thesis idea, if you can clearly relate it to other relevant literature, if you can justify its significance, if you can describe a method for investigating it, and if you can decompose it into a sequence of steps that lead toward a reasonable conclusion, then the thesis proposal is a success regardless of whether you modify or even scrap the actual idea down the line and start off in a different direction. What a successful thesis proposal demonstrates is that, regardless of the eventual idea you pursue, you know the steps involved in turning it into a thesis.
相反，我们感兴趣的是，您是否对本学科所实践的研究过程和结构有清晰的了解。 如果您可以提出一个清晰合理的论文构想，可以将其与其他相关文献明确地联系起来，可以证明其重要性，可以描述一种研究方法，还可以将其分解为一系列步骤 得出合理的结论，那么无论您修改还是放弃实际想法并朝着不同的方向出发，论文提案都是成功的。 成功的论文建议所表明的是，无论您追求的最终想法是什么，您都知道将其转化为论文所涉及的步骤。

II. Structure of a thesis proposal
Your thesis proposal should have the following elements in this order.
• Title page
• Abstract
• Table of contents
• Introduction
• Thesis statement
• Approach/methods
• Preliminary results and discussion
• Work plan including time table
• Implications of research
• List of references
The structure is very similar to that of a thesis or a scientific paper. You will be able to use a large fraction of the material of the thesis proposal in your final senior thesis. Of course, the state of the individual projects at the end of the fall will vary, and therefore also the format of the elements discussed below.
二。 论文提案的结构
您的论文提案应按以下顺序包含以下元素。
•标题页
•摘要
• 目录
• 介绍
• 论文的声明
•方法/方法
•初步结果和讨论
•工作计划，包括时间表
•研究的意义
• 参考文献列表
其结构与论文或科学论文的结构非常相似。 在最终的高级论文中，您将可以使用论文建议书的大部分内容。 当然，秋季结束时各个项目的状态会有所不同，因此下面讨论的元素的格式也会有所不同。

Title page
• contains short, descriptive title of the proposed thesis project (should be fairly self-explanatory)
• and author, institution, department, resreach mentor, mentor’s institution, and date of delivery
封面
•包含拟议论文项目的简短描述性标题（应该相当不言自明）
•以及作者，机构，部门，再培训指导者，指导者的机构以及交付日期

Abstract
• the abstract is a brief summary of your thesis proposal
• its length should not exceed ~200 words
• present a brief introduction to the issue
• make the key statement of your thesis
• give a summary of how you want to address the issue
• include a possible implication of your work, if successfully completed
摘要
•摘要是您论文提案的简短摘要
•其长度不应超过〜200个字
•简要介绍该问题
•发表论文的重点
•总结您要如何解决此问题
•如果成功完成，请包括您的工作可能涉及的内容

Table of contents
• list all headings and subheadings with page numbers
• indent subheadings
目录
•列出所有标题和带有页码的子标题
•缩进子标题

Introduction
• this section sets the context for your proposed project and must capture the reader’s interest
• explain the background of your study starting from a broad picture narrowing in on your research question
• review what is known about your research topic as far as it is relevant to your thesis
• cite relevant references
• the introduction should be at a level that makes it easy to understand for readers with a general science background, for example your classmates
介绍
•本节为您建议的项目设置背景，并且必须引起读者的兴趣
•从研究问题的广阔范围开始，说明研究背景
•查看与您的论文相关的已知研究主题
•引用相关参考
•简介的水平应使具有一般科学背景的读者（例如您的同学）易于理解

Thesis statement
• in a couple of sentences, state your thesis
• this statement can take the form of a hypothesis, research question, project statement, or goal statement
• the thesis statement should capture the essence of your intended project and also help to put boundaries around it
Approach/methods
• this section contains an overall description of your approach, materials, and procedures
o what methods will be used?
o how will data be collected and analyzed?
o what materials will be used?
• include calculations, technique, procedure, equipment, and calibration graphs
• detail limitations, assumptions, and range of validity
• citations should be limited to data sources and more complete descriptions of procedures
• do not include results and discussion of results here
Preliminary results and discussion
• present any results you already have obtained
• discuss how they fit in the framework of your thesis
Work plan including time table
• describe in detail what you plan to do until completion of your senior thesis project
• list the stages of your project in a table format
• indicate deadlines you have set for completing each stage of the project, including any work you have already completed
• discuss any particular challenges that need to be overcome
论文的声明
•用几句话陈述你的论文
•该陈述可以采取假设，研究问题，项目陈述或目标陈述的形式
•论文陈述应该抓住您想要的项目的本质，也有助于围绕它进行界限
方法/方法
•本节包含您的方法，材料和步骤的总体描述
o将使用什么方法？
o如何收集和分析数据？
o将使用什么材料？
•包括计算，技术，程序，设备和校准图
•详细的限制，假设和有效范围
•引用应仅限于数据源和更完整的过程描述
•在此处不包括结果和结果讨论
初步结果和讨论
•呈现您已经获得的任何结果
•讨论它们如何适合您的论文框架
工作计划，包括时间表
•详细描述在完成毕业论文项目之前您打算做什么
•以表格格式列出项目的阶段
•指出您为完成项目的每个阶段设置的截止日期，包括您已经完成的任何工作
•讨论需要克服的任何特殊挑战

Implications of Research
• what new knowledge will the proposed project produce that we do not already know?
• why is it worth knowing, what are the major implications?
研究的意义
•拟议项目将产生我们尚不知道的哪些新知识？
•为什么值得了解，主要含义是什么？

List of references
• cite all ideas, concepts, text, data that are not your own
• if you make a statement, back it up with your own data or a reference
• all references cited in the text must be listed
• cite single-author references by the surname of the author (followed by date of the publication in parenthesis)
o … according to Hays (1994)
o … population growth is one of the greatest environmental concerns facing future generations (Hays, 1994).
• cite double-author references by the surnames of both authors (followed by date of the publication in parenthesis)
参考文献列表
•引用所有非您自己的想法，概念，文本，数据
•如果您发表声明，请使用您自己的数据或参考进行备份
•文本中引用的所有参考文献都必须列出
•按作者姓氏引用单作者参考（后跟括号中的出版日期）
o …根据Hays（1994）
o …人口增长是子孙后代面临的最大的环境问题之一（Hays，1994）。
•引用两位作者的姓氏作为双重作者的引用（括号内为发布日期）