MySQL学习-SQL语句的分类与MySQL简单查询

1.SQL语句的分类

学习MySQL主要还是学习通用的SQL语句，那么SQL语句包括增删改查，SQL语句怎么分类呢？
  DQL（数据查询语言）: 查询语句，凡是select语句都是DQL。
  DML（数据操作语言）：insert delete update，对表当中的数据进行增删改。
   DDL（数据定义语言）：create drop alter，对表结构的增删改。
  TCL（事务控制语言）：commit提交事务，rollback回滚事务。(TCL中的T是Transaction)
  DCL（数据控制语言）: grant授权、revoke撤销权限等。

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注：下面所示案例中所用到的数据库均在本页的末尾：

2.简单查询

操作的表
mysql> select * from emp;

EMPNO	ENAME	JOB	MGR	HIREDATE	SAL	COMM	DEPTNO
7369	SMITH	CLERK	7902	1980-12-17	800.00	NULL	20
7499	ALLEN	SALESMAN	7698	1981-02-20	1600.00	300.00	30
7521	WARD	SALESMAN	7698	1981-02-22	1250.00	500.00	30
7566	JONES	MANAGER	7839	1981-04-02	2975.00	NULL	20
7654	MARTIN	SALESMAN	7698	1981-09-28	1250.00	1400.00	30
7698	BLAKE	MANAGER	7839	1981-05-01	2850.00	NULL	30
7782	CLARK	MANAGER	7839	1981-06-09	2450.00	NULL	10
7788	SCOTT	ANALYST	7566	1987-04-19	3000.00	NULL	20
7839	KING	PRESIDENT	NULL	1981-11-17	5000.00	NULL	10
7844	TURNER	SALESMAN	7698	1981-09-08	1500.00	0.00	30
7876	ADAMS	CLERK	7788	1987-05-23	1100.00	NULL	20
7900	JAMES	CLERK	7698	1981-12-03	950.00	NULL	30
7902	FORD	ANALYST	7566	1981-12-03	3000.00	NULL	20
7934	MILLER	CLERK	7782	1982-01-23	1300.00	NULL	10

其每个字段的字段名分别为员工编号、员工姓名、员工职位、员工上级领导编号、员工雇佣日期，员工薪水、员工津贴、员工部门编号。

语法格式：
   select 字段名1,字段名2,字段名3,… from 表名;
提示：
  1、任何一条sql语句以“;”结尾。
  2、sql语句不区分大小写。
select ename,empno from emp;

注意：如果显示数量过多，或者显示的查询数据的数量无关紧要时，截图一般只截取了部分。

查询员工的年薪（字段可以参与数学运算。）
select ename,sal*12 from emp;

给查询结果的列重命名？
  select ename,sal * 12 as yearsal from emp;

别名中有中文？
  select ename,sal * 12 as 年薪 from emp; // 错误
  select ename,sal * 12 as ‘年薪’ from emp;

注意：标准sql语句中要求字符串使用单引号括起来。虽然mysql支持双引号，尽量别用。
as关键字可以省略？
  select empno,ename,sal * 12 yearsal from emp;

查询所有字段？
  select * from emp;
实际开发中不建议使用，效率较低。

注：本版块中MySQL所用到的数据库bjpowernode代码如下，可以直接运行生成数据库文件

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMP;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS DEPT;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS SALGRADE;

CREATE TABLE DEPT
       (DEPTNO int(2) not null ,
	DNAME VARCHAR(14) ,
	LOC VARCHAR(13),
	primary key (DEPTNO)
	);
CREATE TABLE EMP
       (EMPNO int(4)  not null ,
	ENAME VARCHAR(10),
	JOB VARCHAR(9),
	MGR INT(4),
	HIREDATE DATE  DEFAULT NULL,
	SAL DOUBLE(7,2),
	COMM DOUBLE(7,2),
	primary key (EMPNO),
	DEPTNO INT(2) 
	)
	;

CREATE TABLE SALGRADE
      ( GRADE INT,
	LOSAL INT,
	HISAL INT );




INSERT INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) VALUES ( 
10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK'); 
INSERT INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) VALUES ( 
20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS'); 
INSERT INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) VALUES ( 
30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO'); 
INSERT INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC ) VALUES ( 
40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON'); 
commit;
 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902,  '1980-12-17'
, 800, NULL, 20); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698,  '1981-02-20'
, 1600, 300, 30); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698,  '1981-02-22'
, 1250, 500, 30); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839,  '1981-04-02'
, 2975, NULL, 20); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698,  '1981-09-28'
, 1250, 1400, 30); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839,  '1981-05-01'
, 2850, NULL, 30); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839,  '1981-06-09'
, 2450, NULL, 10); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566,  '1987-04-19'
, 3000, NULL, 20); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL,  '1981-11-17'
, 5000, NULL, 10); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698,  '1981-09-08'
, 1500, 0, 30); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788,  '1987-05-23'
, 1100, NULL, 20); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698,  '1981-12-03'
, 950, NULL, 30); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566,  '1981-12-03'
, 3000, NULL, 20); 
INSERT INTO EMP ( EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,
DEPTNO ) VALUES ( 
7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782,  '1982-01-23'
, 1300, NULL, 10); 
commit;
 
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES ( 
1, 700, 1200); 
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES ( 
2, 1201, 1400); 
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES ( 
3, 1401, 2000); 
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES ( 
4, 2001, 3000); 
INSERT INTO SALGRADE ( GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL ) VALUES ( 
5, 3001, 9999); 
commit;