Python 利用Matplotlib画图系列(一)
1. matplotlib基础用法
- 画一条5x+1的直线,显示范围为(-1,1)之间的100个点
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-1,1,100)#从-1到1的100个点
y = 5*x + 1
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()
2. 坐标轴的使用
- 指定x轴y轴的显示范围
- x轴表示“I AM X”;y轴表示“I AM Y”
- y1直线:粗细为1.0的红色虚线;y2曲线:粗细为5.0的蓝色实线
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-3,3,100)
y1 = 2*x + 1
y2 = x**2
#xy范围
plt.xlim(-1,2)
plt.ylim(-2,3)
#xy描述
plt.xlabel('I AM X')
plt.ylabel('I AM Y')
plt.plot(x,y1,color='red',linewidth=1.0,linestyle='--')
plt.plot(x,y2,color='blue',linewidth=5.0,linestyle='-')
plt.show()
- 更改y轴刻度的表示形式
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-3,3,100)
y1 = 2*x + 1
y2 = x**2
#xy范围
plt.xlim(-1,2)
plt.ylim(-2,3)
#xy描述
plt.xlabel('I AM X')
plt.ylabel('I AM Y')
new_ticks = np.linspace(-2,2,11)
# print(new_ticks)
plt.xticks(new_ticks)
plt.yticks([-1,0,1,2,3],
['level01','level02','level03','level04','level05'])
plt.plot(x,y1,color='red',linewidth=1.0,linestyle='--')
plt.plot(x,y2,color='blue',linewidth=5.0,linestyle='-')
plt.show()
- 更改图的边框
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-3,3,100)
y1 = 2*x + 1
y2 = x**2
#xy范围
plt.xlim(-1,2)
plt.ylim(-2,3)
#xy描述
plt.xlabel('I AM X')
plt.ylabel('I AM Y')
#x轴刻度
new_ticks = np.linspace(-2,2,11)
#print(new_ticks)
plt.xticks(new_ticks)
#y轴刻度
plt.yticks([-1,0,1,2,3],
['level01','level02','level03','level04','level05'])
plt.plot(x,y1,color='red',linewidth=1.0,linestyle='--')
plt.plot(x,y2,color='blue',linewidth=5.0,linestyle='-')
#gca:获取当前坐标轴
ax = plt.gca()
# 把右边和上边的边框去掉
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
#把x轴的刻度都设置为'bottom'
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
#把x轴的刻度都设置为'left'
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
#设置bottom对应到0点
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
#设置left对应到0点
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))
plt.show()
3. 增加图例
- 增加图例
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-3,3,100)
y1 = 2*x + 1
y2 = x**2
#xy范围
plt.xlim(-1,2)
plt.ylim(-2,3)
#xy描述
plt.xlabel('I AM X')
plt.ylabel('I AM Y')
l1, = plt.plot(x,y1,color='red',linewidth=1.0,linestyle='--')
l2, = plt.plot(x,y2,color='blue',linewidth=5.0,linestyle='-')
plt.legend(handles=[l1,l2],labels=['test1','test2'],loc='best')
new_ticks = np.linspace(-2,2,11)
#print(new_ticks)
plt.xticks(new_ticks)
plt.yticks([-1,0,1,2,3],
['level01','level02','level03','level04','level05'])
plt.show()
4. 增加标注
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-1,1,100)
y = 2*x + 1
plt.plot(x,y,color='red',linewidth=1.0,linestyle='-')
ax = plt.gca()
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))
x0 = 0.5
y0 = 2*x0 + 1
#画点
plt.scatter(x0,y0,s=50,color='b')
#画虚线
plt.plot([x0,x0],[y0,0],'k--',lw=2)
#“2x+1=20”所在位置
plt.annotate(r'$2x+1=%s$' % y0,xy=(x0,y0),xytext=(+30,-30),textcoords='offset points',fontsize=16,
arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->',connectionstyle='arc3,rad=.2'))
#描述行文字坐在位置显示
plt.text(-1,2,r'$This\ is\ the text$',fontdict={'size':'16','color':'r'})
plt.show()
5. 散点图绘制
- 一般散点图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.scatter(np.arange(5),np.arange(5))
plt.show()
- 随机散点图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.random.normal(0,1,500)
y = np.random.normal(0,1,500)
plt.scatter(x,y,s=50,c='b',alpha=0.5)
plt.xlim((-2,2))
plt.ylim((-2,2))
#去掉坐标轴的刻度,看起来像一张图片
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()
6. 3D图绘制
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
#一个figure就是一张图
fig = plt.figure()
ax = Axes3D(fig)
x = np.arange(-4,4,0.25)
y = np.arange(-4,4,0.25)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,y)
R = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
Z = np.sin(R)
#rstride和cstride描述的是图中彩色小块的大小,数字越大,块也越大
ax.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride=1,cstride=1,cmap=plt.get_cmap('rainbow'))
#绘制等高线,即下面的彩色平面图
ax.contourf(X,Y,Z,zdir='z',offset=-2,cmap='rainbow')
ax.set_zlim(-2,2)
plt.show()
⚠️该3D图是静止的,如果想要生成可以随意旋转查看的3D图,则需要打开ipython3,在终端中输入对应代码,会车后执行:
Python 3D绘图
7. 动态图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import animation
fig,ax = plt.subplots()
x = np.arange(0,2*np.pi,0.01)
line, = ax.plot(x,np.sin(x))
def animate(i):
line.set_ydata(np.sin(x+i/10))
return line,
def init():
line.set_ydata(np.sin(x))
return line,
ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig=fig,func=animate,init_func=init,interval=20)
plt.show()
python 绘制动态图
8. 图的位置放置(排版)
- 两行两列
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.figure()
plt.subplot(2,2,1)
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
plt.subplot(2,2,2)
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
plt.subplot(2,2,3)
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
plt.subplot(2,2,4)
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
plt.show()
- 两行三列(其中第一行一张图,第二行三张图)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.figure()
plt.subplot(2,1,1)
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
plt.subplot(2,3,4)
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
plt.subplot(2,3,5)
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
plt.subplot(2,3,6)
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
plt.show()