Matplotlib 习题

Exercise 11.1: Plotting a function

Plot the function  f(x) = sin²(x - 2)e^-x2  over the interval [0, 2]. Add proper axis labels, a title, etc.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# import seaborn as sns

n_size = 1000
f, ax = plt.subplots()
x = np.linspace(0, 2, n_size)
# sin^2(x-2)
y1 = np.multiply(np.sin(x - 2), np.sin(x - 2))
# e^(-x^2)
y2 = np.power(np.e, -1 * np.multiply(x, x))
# 最终函数
y = np.multiply(y1, y2)

ax.plot(x, y)
ax.set_xlim((0, 2))
ax.set_ylim((0, 1))
ax.set_xlabel('this is x label')
ax.set_ylabel('this is y label')
ax.set_title('$sin^2(x-2){e^{-x^2}}$')

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

输出：

Exercise 11.2: Data

Create a data matrix X with 20 observations of 10 variables. Generate a vector b with parameters Then
generate the response vector y = Xb+z where z is a vector with standard normally distributed variables.
Now (by only using y and X), find an estimator for b, by solving

Plot the true parameters b and estimated parameters bˆ. See Figure 1 for an example plot.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 生成X、b、z、y
X = np.random.rand(20, 10)*10
b = np.random.rand(10)*3 - 1.5
z = np.random.normal((20,))
y = X.dot(b) + z
argmin_b = np.array(np.linalg.lstsq(X, y, rcond=-1)[0])

f, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlim((0, 9))
ax.set_ylim((-1.5, 1.5))
ax.set_xlabel('index')
ax.set_ylabel('value')
ax.plot(b, 'rx')
ax.plot(argmin_b, 'bo')
plt.legend(["True coefficients", "Estimated coefficients"])
plt.hlines(0, 0, 9, colors='k', linestyle='--')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

输出：

Exercise 11.3: Histogram and density estimation 

Generate a vector z of 10000 observations from your favorite exotic distribution. Then make a plot that shows a histogram of z (with 25 bins), along with an estimate for the density, using a Gaussian kernel density estimator (see scipy.stats). See Figure 2 for an example plot.

from scipy import stats
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

z = np.random.normal(size=10000)
bin_num = 25
# 绘制直方图
n, bins, patches = plt.hist(
    z, bins=bin_num, edgecolor='black', color='blue', density=True)
# 绘制曲线
plt.plot(bins, stats.norm.pdf(bins, loc=0, scale=1.0))
plt.show()

输出：