1、基本原理
要实现网络机器间的通讯,首先得来看看计算机系统网络通信的基本原理,在底层层面去看,网络
通信需要做的就是将流从一台计算机传输到另外一台计算机,基于传输协议和网络IO来实现,其中传输
协议比较出名的有tcp、udp等等,tcp、udp都是在基于Socket概念上为某类应用场景而扩展出的传输
协议,网络IO,主要有bio、nio、aio三种方式,所有的分布式应用通讯都基于这个原理而实现.
2、什么是RPC
RPC全称为remote procedure call,即远程过程调用。借助RPC可以做到像本地调用一样调用远程服
务,是一种进程间的通信方式.
比如两台服务器A和B,A服务器上部署一个应用,B服务器上部署一个应用,A服务器上的应用想调用
B服务器上的应用提供的方法,由于两个应用不在一个内存空间,不能直接调用,所以需要通过网络来
表达调用的语义和传达调用的数据。需要注意的是RPC并不是一个具体的技术,而是指整个网络远程调
用过程。
RPC架构
一个完整的RPC架构里面包含了四个核心的组件,分别是Client,Client Stub,Server以及Server Stub,这个Stub可以理解为存根。
- 客户端(Client),服务的调用方。
- 客户端存根(Client Stub),存放服务端的地址消息,再将客户端的请求参数打包成网络消息,然后通过网络远程发送给服务方。
- 服务端(Server),真正的服务提供者。
- 服务端存根(Server Stub),接收客户端发送过来的消息,将消息解包,并调用本地的方法。
- 客户端(client)以本地调用方式(即以接口的方式)调用服务;
- 客户端存根(client stub)接收到调用后,负责将方法、参数等组装成能够进行网络传输的消息体
(将消息体对象序列化为二进制); - 客户端通过socket将消息发送到服务端;
- 服务端存根( server stub)收到消息后进行解码(将消息对象反序列化);
- 服务端存根( server stub)根据解码结果调用本地的服务;
- 服务处理
- 本地服务执行并将结果返回给服务端存根( server stub);
- 服务端存根( server stub)将返回结果打包成消息(将结果消息对象序列化);
- 服务端(server)通过socket将消息发送到客户端;
- 客户端存根(client stub)接收到结果消息,并进行解码(将结果消息发序列化);
- 客户端(client)得到最终结果。
RPC的目标是要把2、3、4、5、7、8、9、10这些步骤都封装起来。只剩下1、6、11
注意:无论是何种类型的数据,最终都需要转换成二进制流在网络上进行传输,数据的发送方需要
将对象转换为二进制流,而数据的接收方则需要把二进制流再恢复为对象。
在java中RPC框架比较多,常见的有Hessian、gRPC、Dubbo 等,其实对于RPC框架而言,核心模块就是通讯和序列化.
3、基于Netty实现RPC框架
实现需求:
dubbo 底层使用了 Netty 作为网络通讯框架,使用 Netty 实现一个简单的 RPC 框架,消费者和提供者约定接口和协议,消费者远程调用提供者的服务。
- 创建一个接口,定义抽象方法。用于消费者和提供者之间的约定,
- 创建一个提供者,该类需要监听消费者的请求,并按照约定返回数据
- 创建一个消费者,该类需要透明的调用自己不存在的方法,内部需要使用 Netty 进行数据通信
- 提供者与消费者数据传输使用json字符串数据格式
- 提供者使用netty集成spring boot 环境实现
目标: 客户端远程调用服务端提供根据ID查询user对象的方法.
代码实现:
服务端代码
RPCServer
/**
* 对外暴露服务接口
*/
@Target(ElementType.TYPE) // 用于接口和类上
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)// 在运行时可以获取到
@Documented
public @interface RPCServer {
}
UserServiceImpl
@RPCServer
@Component
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService{
Map<Object,User> userMap = new HashMap();
@Override
public User getById(int id) {
if (userMap.size() == 0){
User user1 = new User();
user1.setId(1);
user1.setName("张三");
User user2 = new User();
user2.setId(2);
user2.setName("李四");
userMap.put(user1.getId(), user1);
userMap.put(user2.getId(), user2);
}
return userMap.get(id);
}
}
Server
@Component
public class Server implements DisposableBean {
private NioEventLoopGroup bossGroup;
private NioEventLoopGroup workerGroup;
@Autowired
RpcServerHandler rpcServerHandler;
public void startServer(String id, int port) {
try {
//1. 创建线程组
bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
//2. 创建服务端启动助手
ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
bootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel channel) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline pipeline = channel.pipeline();
//添加String的编解码器
pipeline.addLast(new StringEncoder());
pipeline.addLast(new StringDecoder());
//业务处理类
pipeline.addLast(rpcServerHandler);
}
});
ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.bind(id, port).sync();
System.out.println("==========服务端启动成功==========");
future.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (bossGroup != null) {
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
if (workerGroup != null) {
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
@Override
public void destroy() throws Exception {
if (bossGroup != null) {
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
if (workerGroup != null) {
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
RPCServerHandler
@Component
@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class RpcServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<String> implements ApplicationContextAware {
/**
* 服务端业务处理类
* 1.将标有@RpcService注解的bean缓存
* 2.接收客户端请求
* 3.根据传递过来的beanName从缓存中查找到对应的bean
* 4.解析请求中的方法名称. 参数类型 参数信息
* 5.反射调用bean的方法
* 6.给客户端进行响应
*/
private static final Map SERVICE_INSTANCE_MAP = new ConcurrentHashMap();
@Override
/**
* 1.将标有@RpcService注解的bean缓存
*
* @param applicationContext
* @throws BeansException
*/
public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) throws BeansException {
Map<String, Object> beans = applicationContext.getBeansWithAnnotation(RPCServer.class);
Set<Map.Entry<String, Object>> entries = beans.entrySet();
for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : entries) {
Object value = entry.getValue();
if (value.getClass().getInterfaces().length == 0){
throw new RuntimeException("服务必须实现接口");
}
String name = value.getClass().getInterfaces()[0].getName();
SERVICE_INSTANCE_MAP.put(name,value);
}
}
@Override
/**
* 通道读取就绪事件
*
* @param channelHandlerContext
* @param msg
* @throws Exception
*/
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext channelHandlerContext, String s) throws Exception {
//1.接收客户端请求- 将msg转化RpcRequest对象
RPCRequest rpcRequest = JSON.parseObject(s, RPCRequest.class);
RPCResponse rpcResponse = new RPCResponse();
rpcResponse.setResponseId(rpcRequest.getRequestId());
try {
rpcResponse.setResult(handler(rpcRequest));
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
rpcResponse.setError(e.getMessage());
}
channelHandlerContext.writeAndFlush(JSON.toJSONString(rpcResponse));
}
/**
* 业务处理逻辑
*
* @return
*/
public Object handler(RPCRequest rpcRequest) throws InvocationTargetException {
//4.解析请求中的方法名称. 参数类型 参数信息
String name = rpcRequest.getClassName();
Object value = SERVICE_INSTANCE_MAP.get(name);
if (value == null) {
System.out.println(SERVICE_INSTANCE_MAP);
throw new RuntimeException("根据beanName找不到服务,beanName:" + name);
}
String methodName = rpcRequest.getMethodName();
Class<?>[] parameterTypes = rpcRequest.getParameterTypes();
Object[] parameters = rpcRequest.getParameters();
//5.反射调用bean的方法
FastClass fastClass = FastClass.create(value.getClass());
FastMethod method = fastClass.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
Object invoke = method.invoke(value, parameters);
return invoke;
}
}
RPCSpringbootApplication
@SpringBootApplication
public class RPCSpringbootApplication implements CommandLineRunner {
@Autowired
Server server;
public static void main(String[] args){
SpringApplication.run(RPCSpringbootApplication.class,args);
}
@Override
public void run(String... args) throws Exception {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
server.startServer("127.0.0.1",9999);
}
}).start();
}
}
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>lotus-rpc</artifactId>
<groupId>org.example</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>lotus-rpc-provider</artifactId>
<dependencies>
<!--spring相关依赖 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<artifactId>lotus-rpc-api</artifactId>
<groupId>org.example</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>
</project>
客户端代码
Client
public class Client {
private EventLoopGroup group;
private Channel channel;
private String ip;
private int port;
private RpcClientHandler rpcClientHandler = new RpcClientHandler();
private ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
public Client(String ip, int port) {
this.ip = ip;
this.port = port;
initClient();
}
public void initClient(){
//1.创建线程组
NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
//2.创建启动助手
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
try {
bootstrap.group(group)
.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, Boolean.TRUE)
.option(ChannelOption.CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, 3000)
.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel channel) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline pipeline = channel.pipeline();
//String类型编解码器
pipeline.addLast(new StringDecoder());
pipeline.addLast(new StringEncoder());
//添加客户端处理类
pipeline.addLast(rpcClientHandler);
}
});
channel = bootstrap.connect(ip, port).sync().channel();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
if (channel != null) {
channel.close();
}
if (group != null) {
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
/**
* 提供给调用者主动关闭资源的方法
*/
public void close() {
if (channel != null) {
channel.close();
}
if (group != null) {
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
/**
* 提供消息发送的方法
*/
public Object send(String msg) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
rpcClientHandler.setRequestMsg(msg);
Future submit = executorService.submit(rpcClientHandler);
return submit.get();
}
}
RpcClientHandler
public class RpcClientHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<String> implements Callable {
ChannelHandlerContext context;
//发送的消息
String requestMsg;
String responseMsg;
public void setRequestMsg(String requestMsg) {
this.requestMsg = requestMsg;
}
/**
* 通道连接就绪事件
*
* @param ctx
* @throws Exception
*/
@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
context = ctx;
}
/**
* 通道读取就绪事件
*
* @param channelHandlerContext
* @param msg
* @throws Exception
*/
@Override
protected synchronized void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext channelHandlerContext, String msg) throws Exception {
responseMsg = msg;
notify();
}
@Override
public synchronized Object call() throws Exception {
context.writeAndFlush(requestMsg);
wait();
return responseMsg;
}
}
RpcClientProxy
public class RpcClientProxy {
public static Object createProxy(Class service){
return Proxy.newProxyInstance(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), new Class[]{service}, new InvocationHandler() {
@Override
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
/**
* * 1.封装request请求对象
* * 2.创建RpcClient对象
* * 3.发送消息
* * 4.返回结果
*/
RPCRequest request = new RPCRequest();
request.setRequestId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
request.setClassName(method.getDeclaringClass().getName());
request.setMethodName(method.getName());
request.setParameterTypes(method.getParameterTypes());
request.setParameters(args);
String jsonString = JSON.toJSONString(request);
//2.创建RpcClient对象
Client rpcClient = new Client("127.0.0.1", 9999);
try {
//3.发送消息
Object responseMsg = rpcClient.send(jsonString);
RPCResponse rpcResponse = JSON.parseObject(responseMsg.toString(), RPCResponse.class);
if (rpcResponse.getError() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException(rpcResponse.getError());
}
//4.返回结果
Object result = rpcResponse.getResult();
return JSON.parseObject(result.toString(), method.getReturnType());
} catch (Exception e) {
throw e;
} finally {
rpcClient.close();
}
}
}
);
}
}
ClientBootstrap
public class ClientBootstrap {
public static void main(String[] args) {
UserService userService = (UserService) RpcClientProxy.createProxy(UserService.class);
User user = userService.getById(1);
System.out.println(user);
}
}
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>lotus-rpc</artifactId>
<groupId>org.example</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>lotus-rpc-consumer</artifactId>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<artifactId>lotus-rpc-api</artifactId>
<groupId>org.example</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>
</project>
公共服务
UserService
public interface UserService {
/**
* 根据ID查询用户
*
* @param id
* @return
*/
User getById(int id);
}
RPCRequest
@Data
public class RPCRequest {
/**
* 请求对象的ID
*/
private String requestId;
/**
* 类名
*/
private String className;
/**
* 方法名
*/
private String methodName;
/**
* 参数类型
*/
private Class<?>[] parameterTypes;
/**
* 入参
*/
private Object[] parameters;
}
RPCResponse
@Data
public class RPCResponse {
/**
* 响应id
*/
private String responseId;
/**
* 错误信息
*/
private String error;
/**
* 返回值
*/
private Object result;
}
User
@Data
public class User {
private int id;
private String name;
}
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>lotus-rpc</artifactId>
<groupId>org.example</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>lotus-rpc-api</artifactId>
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.netty</groupId>
<artifactId>netty-all</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--json依赖 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
<version>1.2.73</version>
</dependency>
<!--lombok依赖 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<version>1.18.16</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>