C++隐式实例化、显式实例化、显式具体化的关系

程序演示：

#include <iostream>
struct job
{
    char name[40];
    double salary;
    int floor;
};
//swap()模板原型
template <typename T>
void Swap(T &a, T &b);

//模板的显式实例化，使用double结合模板去创建一个函数定义
template void Swap<double>(double &, double &);

// 显式具体化的原型声明如下
template <>
void Swap<job>(job &j1, job &j2);

//普通的函数声明
void Show(job &j);

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    //此时函数使用模板原型，也即隐式实例化
    int x = 5, y = 6;
    Swap(x, y);
    cout << "x = " << x << "\t\t"
         << "y = " << y << endl;

    //此时是显式实例化的应用，函数在第12行编译时，已经创建了一个函数定义
    //这里类似于函数调用
    double m = 3.44, n = 8.99;
    Swap(m, n);
    cout << "m = " << m << "\t"
         << "n = " << n << endl;

    //此时是显式具体化的应用
    job sue = {"Susan Yaffee", 73000.60, 7};
    job sidney = {"Sidney Taffee", 78060.72, 9};
    Swap(sue, sidney);
    Show(sue);
    Show(sidney);

    return 0;
}

// Swap()模板定义---提供了一种函数定义方案
template <typename T>
void Swap(T &a, T &b)
{
    T temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

// Swap()显式具体化---不使用模板函数，它自己就带有一套函数定义方案，
//且规定了数据类型,比如这里的'job结构'
template <>
void Swap<job>(job &j1, job &j2)
{
    double t1;
    int t2;
    t1 = j1.salary;
    j1.salary = j2.salary;
    j2.salary = t1;

    t2 = j1.floor;
    j1.floor = j2.floor;
    j2.floor = t2;
}

void Show(job &j)
{
    std::cout << j.name << ":$" << j.salary
              << " on floor " << j.floor << std::endl;
}

程序编译运行结果如下：
x = 6           y = 5
m = 8.99        n = 3.44
Susan Yaffee:$78060.7 on floor 9
Sidney Taffee:$73000.6 on floor 7