任何定义了函数调用操作符的对象都是函数对象。C++ 支持创建、操作新的函数对象,同时也提供了许多内置的函数对象。
运算符函数对象
C++ 针对常用的算术和逻辑运算定义了很多函数对象:
旧式绑定器与适配器
早期提供功能支持的几个工具在 C++11 中弃用,并于 C++17 中移除(旧否定器于 C++17 中弃用并于 C++20 中移除):
基类
与适配器兼容的二元函数基类
std::binary_function
template< class Arg1, | (C++11 中弃用) (C++17 中移除) |
binary_function
是用于创建拥有二个参数的函数对象的基类。
binary_function
不定义 operator() ;它期待导出类将定义此运算符。 binary_function
只提供三个类型—— first_argument_type
、 second_argument_type
和 result_type
——为模板形参所定义。
一些标准库函数适配器,如 std::not2 要求其适配的函数对象必须定义这些类型; std::not2 要求要适配的函数对象必须拥有二个名为 first_argument_type
和 second_argument_type
的类型。从 binary_function
导出接受二个参数的函数对象是令它们与那些适配器兼容的简便方式。
binary_function
于 C++11 弃用并于 C++17 移除。
成员类型
类型 | 定义 |
first_argument_type | Arg1 |
second_argument_type | Arg2 |
result_type | Result |
调用示例
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <iterator>
struct Cell
{
int x;
int y;
Cell() = default;
Cell(int a, int b): x(a), y(b) {}
Cell(const Cell &cell)
{
x = cell.x;
y = cell.y;
}
Cell &operator+(const Cell &cell)
{
x += cell.x;
y += cell.y;
return *this;
}
Cell &operator+=(const Cell &cell)
{
x += cell.x;
y += cell.y;
return *this;
}
Cell &operator*=(int n)
{
x *= n;
y *= n;
return *this;
}
Cell &operator++()
{
x += 1;
y += 1;
return *this;
}
friend Cell operator +(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
Cell cell = cell1;
cell += cell2;
return cell;
}
friend Cell operator *(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
Cell cell = {cell1.x * cell2.x, cell1.y * cell2.y};
return cell;
}
friend Cell operator /(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
Cell cell = {cell1.x / cell2.x, cell1.y / cell2.y};
return cell;
}
friend Cell operator %(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
Cell cell = {cell1.x % cell2.x, cell1.y % cell2.y};
return cell;
}
friend bool operator ==(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
return cell1.x == cell2.x && cell1.y == cell2.y;
}
friend bool operator !=(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
return cell1.x != cell2.x && cell1.y != cell2.y;
}
friend bool operator <(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
if (cell1.x == cell2.x)
{
return cell1.y < cell2.y;
}
else
{
return cell1.x < cell2.x;
}
}
friend bool operator >(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
if (cell1.x == cell2.x)
{
return cell1.y > cell2.y;
}
else
{
return cell1.x > cell2.x;
}
}
friend bool operator &&(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
return cell1.x && cell2.x && cell1.y && cell2.y;
}
friend bool operator ||(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
return cell1.x || cell2.x || cell1.y || cell2.y;
}
friend bool operator !(const Cell &cell)
{
return !(cell.x && cell.x);
}
friend Cell operator &(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
Cell cell = {cell1.x & cell2.x, cell1.y & cell2.y};
return cell;
}
friend Cell operator |(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
Cell cell = {cell1.x | cell2.x, cell1.y | cell2.y};
return cell;
}
friend Cell operator ^(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2)
{
Cell cell = {cell1.x ^ cell2.x, cell1.y ^ cell2.y};
return cell;
}
};
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Cell &cell)
{
os << "{" << cell.x << "," << cell.y << "}";
return os;
}
struct same : std::binary_function<Cell, Cell, bool>
{
bool operator()(const Cell &cell1, const Cell &cell2) const
{
return cell1.x == cell2.x && cell1.y == cell2.y;
}
};
int main()
{
std::vector<Cell> vector1;
for (int index = 1024 - 5; index < 1024 + 6; ++index)
{
vector1.push_back(Cell{index, index});
}
std::vector<Cell> vector2(vector1.rbegin(), vector1.rend());
std::vector<bool> vector3(vector1.size(), false);
std::transform(vector1.begin(), vector1.end(), vector2.begin(),
vector3.begin(), std::not2(same()));
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
for (size_t index = 0; index < vector1.size(); index++)
{
std::cout << vector1.at(index) << " " << vector2.at(index)
<< " " << vector3.at(index) << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
输出
{1019,1019} {1029,1029} true
{1020,1020} {1028,1028} true
{1021,1021} {1027,1027} true
{1022,1022} {1026,1026} true
{1023,1023} {1025,1025} true
{1024,1024} {1024,1024} false
{1025,1025} {1023,1023} true
{1026,1026} {1022,1022} true
{1027,1027} {1021,1021} true
{1028,1028} {1020,1020} true
{1029,1029} {1019,1019} true