ajax的简单使用，实现异步交互，动态获取数据

Ajax

1. Ajax的核心是JavaScript对象XmlHttpRequest。该对象在Internet Explorer 5中首次引入，它是一种支持异步请求的技术。简而言之，XmlHttpRequest使您可以使用JavaScript向服务器提出请求并处理响应，而不阻塞用户。
2. ajax 也是一种 JavaScript 语言，可以动态的将前端的数据返回给后台进行操作。

ajax的简单使用

• 我们在网页上浏览的时候，经常会有登录的页面吧，那么我们经常会看到类似的页面；
  
• 那么这样的画面是怎么出来的呢？现在我们来实现一下。

1. 首先，要导包；

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>SpringMVC</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.baidu</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>ajax</artifactId>
    <packaging>war</packaging>

    <name>ajax Maven Webapp</name>
    <!-- FIXME change it to the project's website -->
    <url>http://www.example.com</url>

    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <maven.compiler.source>1.7</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>1.7</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>

        <!--mybatis的包-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mybatis</groupId>
            <artifactId>mybatis</artifactId>
            <version>3.4.6</version>
        </dependency>
        <!--Mybatis部分完结-->

        <!--Spring部分-->
        <!--mybatis-srping整合包-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mybatis</groupId>
            <artifactId>mybatis-spring</artifactId>
            <version>1.3.1</version>
        </dependency>

        <!--Spring相关的-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
            <version>4.3.24.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
            <version>4.3.24.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <!--Spring部分完结-->

        <!--SpringMVC部分-->
        <!--servlet-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
            <version>3.0.1</version>
        </dependency>
        <!--jsp-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
            <artifactId>jsp-api</artifactId>
            <version>2.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <!--jstl-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
            <version>1.2</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
            <version>2.9.8</version>
        </dependency>

    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <finalName>ajax</finalName>
        <pluginManagement><!-- lock down plugins versions to avoid using Maven defaults (may be moved to parent pom) -->
            <plugins>
                <plugin>
                    <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>3.1.0</version>
                </plugin>
                <!-- see http://maven.apache.org/ref/current/maven-core/default-bindings.html#Plugin_bindings_for_war_packaging -->
                <plugin>
                    <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>3.0.2</version>
                </plugin>
                <plugin>
                    <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>3.8.0</version>
                </plugin>
                <plugin>
                    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>2.22.1</version>
                </plugin>
                <plugin>
                    <artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>3.2.2</version>
                </plugin>
                <plugin>
                    <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>2.5.2</version>
                </plugin>
                <plugin>
                    <artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>2.8.2</version>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </pluginManagement>
    </build>
</project>

2. 写前端页面

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
    <script src="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/statics/js/jquery-3.4.1.js"></script>

    <script>
        function a1() {
            $.post({
                url:"${pageContext.request.contextPath}/ajax/a3",
                data:{"name":$("#name").val()},
                success: function (data) {
                    if (data.toString()=="OK") { //信息核对成功
                        $("#userInfo").css("color","green");
                    }else {
                        $("#userInfo").css("color","red");
                    }
                    $("#userInfo").html(data);
                }
            })
        }
        function a2() {
            $.post("${pageContext.request.contextPath}/ajax/a3",
                {"pwd":$("#pwd").val()},
                function (data) {
                if (data.toString()=="OK") { //信息核对成功
                    $("#pwdInfo").css("color","green");
                }else {
                    $("#pwdInfo").css("color","red");
                }
                $("#pwdInfo").html(data);
            })
        }
    </script>

</head>
<body>

<p>
    用户名：
    <input type="text" id="name" onblur="a1()"/>
    <span id="userInfo"></span>
</p>
<p>
    密码：
    <input type="text" id="pwd" onblur="a2()"/>
    <span id="pwdInfo"></span>
</p>

</body>
</html>

3. controller层

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/ajax")
public class AjaxController {
    @RequestMapping("/a3")
    @ResponseBody
    public String ajax3(String name, String pwd) {
        String msg = "";
        //模拟数据库中存在数据
        if (name != null) {
            if ("admin".equals(name)) {
                msg = "OK";
            } else {
                msg = "用户名输入错误";
            }
        }
        if (pwd != null) {
            if ("123456".equals(pwd)) {
                msg = "OK";
            } else {
                msg = "密码输入有误";
            }
        }
        return msg; //由于@ResponseBody注解，将msg转成json格式返回
    }

}

4. spring-servlet.xml配置文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
    http://www.springfraamework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc https://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">

    <context:component-scan base-package="com.baidu.controller"/>
    <mvc:default-servlet-handler/>
    <mvc:annotation-driven>
        <!--JSON格式乱码处理方式-->
        <mvc:message-converters register-defaults="true">
            <bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter">
                <constructor-arg value="UTF-8"/>
            </bean>
            <bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter">
                <property name="objectMapper">
                    <bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.Jackson2ObjectMapperFactoryBean">
                        <property name="failOnEmptyBeans" value="false"/>
                    </bean>
                </property>
            </bean>
        </mvc:message-converters>
    </mvc:annotation-driven>

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" id="InternalResourceViewResolver">
        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/"/>
        <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
    </bean>
</beans>

5. web.xml配置文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
         http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd"
         id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0">

  <!--1.DispatchServlet-->
  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
    <!--关联Spring配置文件-->
    <init-param>
      <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
      <param-value>classpath:ajax-servlet.xml</param-value>
    </init-param>
    <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
  </servlet>
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>


  <!--2.字符编码过滤-->
  <!--字符编码过滤-->
  <filter>
    <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
    <!--<filter-class>com.kuang.filter.GenericEncodingFilter</filter-class>-->
    <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
    <!--参数：CharacterEncodingFilter-->
    <init-param>
      <param-name>encoding</param-name>
      <param-value>utf-8</param-value>
    </init-param>
  </filter>
  <filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
  </filter-mapping>

</web-app>

6. 配置tomcat进行测试，当我们写错的时候，就会出来下面这种样子。
   
7. 当我们填写正确的时候，就会出现下面这种页面。
   
8. OK，测试完毕。

动态获取后端数据，前端其他页面不变

1. 我们经常在一个页面会看到如下场景，比如说，看下面这个图片，我们点击换一换的时候，只有那一片的区域在跳转，而其他页面没有跳转。
   

2. OK，那么我们来实现一下；

   • 先写一个实体类User

public class User {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private String sex;

    public User() {
    }

    public User(String name, int age, String sex) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.sex = sex;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getSex() {
        return sex;
    }

    public void setSex(String sex) {
        this.sex = sex;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", sex='" + sex + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

2. 再写前端页面；

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<input type="button" id="btn" value="获取数据"/>
<table width="80%" align="center">
    <tr>
        <td>姓名</td>
        <td>年龄</td>
        <td>性别</td>
    </tr>
    <tbody id="content">
    </tbody>
</table>

<script src="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/statics/js/jquery-3.4.1.js"></script>

<script>
    $(function () {
        $("#btn").click(function () {
            $.post("${pageContext.request.contextPath}/ajax/user111",function (data) {
                console.log(data);
                var html = "";
                for (var i=0;i<data.length;i++){
                    html += "<tr>" +
                        "<td>"+data[i].name + "</td>" +
                        "<td>"+data[i].age + "</td>" +
                        "<td>"+data[i].sex + "</td>" +
                        "</tr>"
                }
                $("#content").html(html);
            })
        })
    })
</script>

</body>
</html>

3. 写对应的controller层

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/ajax")
public class AjaxController {
    @RequestMapping("/user111")
    @ResponseBody
    public List<User> getList(){
        List<User> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add(new User("郝一凡1",18,"girl"));
        list.add(new User("郝一凡2",18,"girl"));
        list.add(new User("郝一凡3",18,"girl"));
        return list;
    }
}

4. OK，启动Tomcat
   
5. 下面我们来点击一下获取数据的按钮；
   
   OK，成功了。