TCP/IP五层模型---数据链路层

一、数据链路层的功能

①数据链路的建立，维护与拆除
②帧包装，帧传输，帧同步
③帧的差错恢复
④流量控制

二、MAC地址

MAC地址为48位，前24位供应商标识，后24位是供应商对网卡的唯一编号。第8位为0是单播，1是组播，全为1是广播

三、数据帧格式

前导码：同步时钟
帧起始定界符：告诉别人开始传输数据
目的mac地址：想去的mac地址
源mac地址：自己的mac地址
类型：标识上层协议，例如0800表示ip协议
帧校验序列（FCS）：循环冗余校验

四、交换机转发原理

①初始状态
②MAC地址学习
③广播未知数据帧
④接收方回应
⑤交换机实现单播通信

五、以太网的接口工作模式

单工：只能沿单一方向传输
半双工：可以双向数据传输，但不能同时进行
全双工：可以双向同时进行数据传输

六、二层交换机的配置

查看mac地址表

[sw1]display mac-add
MAC address table of slot 0:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAC Address    VLAN/       PEVLAN CEVLAN Port            Type      LSP/LSR-ID  
               VSI/SI                                              MAC-Tunnel  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5489-988a-3ef8 1           -      -      Eth0/0/1        dynamic   0/-         
5489-9816-35e2 1           -      -      Eth0/0/2        dynamic   0/-         
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total matching items on slot 0 displayed = 2 

[sw1]

查看mac地址表老化时间及修改mac地址表的老化时间

[sw1]dis mac-add aging-time 

  Aging time: 300 seconds
[sw1]

[sw1]mac-address aging-time ?
  <0,10-1000000>  Aging-time seconds, 0 means that MAC aging function does not
                  work

[sw1]mac-address aging-time 10000
[sw1]dis mac-add aging-time

  Aging time: 10000 seconds
[sw1]

0为永不过期

查看指定接口

[sw1]dis int e0/0/1
Ethernet0/0/1 current state : UP
Line protocol current state : UP
Description:
Switch Port, PVID :    1, TPID : 8100(Hex), The Maximum Frame Length is 9216
IP Sending Frames' Format is PKTFMT_ETHNT_2, Hardware address is 4c1f-cce2-0cfe
Last physical up time   : 2021-03-30 16:05:22 UTC-08:00
Last physical down time : 2021-03-30 16:05:21 UTC-08:00
Current system time: 2021-03-30 16:34:23-08:00
Hardware address is 4c1f-cce2-0cfe
    Last 300 seconds input rate 0 bytes/sec, 0 packets/sec
    Last 300 seconds output rate 0 bytes/sec, 0 packets/sec
    Input: 1960 bytes, 28 packets
    Output: 340855 bytes, 2873 packets
    Input:
      Unicast: 20 packets, Multicast: 0 packets
      Broadcast: 8 packets
    Output:
      Unicast: 22 packets, Multicast: 2851 packets
      Broadcast: 0 packets
    Input bandwidth utilization  :    0%
    Output bandwidth utilization :    0%

[sw1]

查看所有接口

dis int brief
PHY: Physical
*down: administratively down
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
(b): BFD down
(e): ETHOAM down
(dl): DLDP down
(d): Dampening Suppressed
InUti/OutUti: input utility/output utility
Interface                   PHY   Protocol InUti OutUti   inErrors  outErrors
Ethernet0/0/1               up    up          0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/2               up    up          0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/3               up    up          0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/4               down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/5               down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/6               down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/7               down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/8               down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/9               down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/10              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/11              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/12              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/13              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/14              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/15              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/16              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/17              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/18              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/19              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/20              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/21              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
Ethernet0/0/22              down  down        0%     0%          0          0
GigabitEthernet0/0/1        down  down        0%     0%          0          0
GigabitEthernet0/0/2        down  down        0%     0%          0          0
MEth0/0/1                   down  down        0%     0%          0          0
NULL0                       up    up(s)       0%     0%          0          0
Vlanif1                     up    down        --     --          0          0
[sw1]

如何配置接口工作模式

[sw1]int e0/0/2
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]undo negotiation auto
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]duplex full
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]speed 100

此时e/0/0/2接口取消自动协商，改成全双工，速率为100m

七、两台计算机之间是如何通信

首先主机想要跟另一台主机通信，需要广播，找谁是1.1.1.2，自己是1.1.1.1。所以源mac是自己的物理mac，目的mac是全为f，然后主机1.1.1.2回应自己是1.1.1.2，所以源mac是1.1.1.2的物理地址，目标mac是1.1.1.1的物理地址。
然后在二层交换机中建立了一个mac地址表。之后1.1.1.1想要找1.1.1.2就直接以单播的形式了。