C++智能指针

参考网站：http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/

一、auto_ptr

原型：template class auto_ptr;
由于存在潜在的内存崩溃问题，却不能在编译期间发现所以已经被C++11废弃了，但仍然有一定的学习意义，下面是一些成员函数及其简介：

• get:得到对象类管理的对象指针
• operator*：得到管理的对象
• operator->：等价于(*class).，用于获取对象的某个成员
• release：将管理对象的指针返回并设置类内指针为null
• operator= ：相当于调用release之后将返回值构造为新的类初始化左边的类，Release and copy auto_ptr
• reset：若无参数直接释放当前对象否则用参数重新设置当前值，无返回值

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
int main () {
  std::auto_ptr<int> p;
  p.reset (new int);
  *p=5;
  std::cout << *p << '\n';//*p=5
  int *x=p.release ();
  *x=10;
  std::cout << *x << '\n';//*x=10
  std::auto_ptr<int> s(x);
  *s=15;
  std::cout << *s << '\n';//*s=15
  std::cout << *p << '\n';//前面已经释放，此处报错
  return 0;
}

二、std::shared_ptr

原型：template class shared_ptr;
成员函数，多了引用计数，有些操作同auto_ptr操作：

• operator=：shared_ptr assignment (public member function )
• swap：Swap content (public member function )
• reset：Reset pointer (public member function )
• get：Get pointer (public member function )
• operator*：Dereference object (public member function )
• operator->：Dereference object member (public member function )
• use_count：Use count (public member function )
• unique：Check if unique (public member function )
• operator bool：Check if not null

非成员函数： make_shared
template <class T, class… Args>
shared_ptr make_shared (Args&&… args);
返回一个类型为T的被初始化了的shared_ptr对象。

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

int main () {

  std::shared_ptr<int> foo = std::make_shared<int> (10);
  // same as:
  std::shared_ptr<int> foo2 (new int(10));

  auto bar = std::make_shared<int> (20);

  auto baz = std::make_shared<std::pair<int,int>> (30,40);

  std::cout << "*foo: " << *foo << '\n';
  std::cout << "*bar: " << *bar << '\n';
  std::cout << "*baz: " << baz->first << ' ' << baz->second << '\n';

  return 0;
}

三、unique_ptr

//non-specialized	
template <class T, class D = default_delete<T>> class unique_ptr;
//array specialization	
template <class T, class D> class unique_ptr<T[],D>;

相比于auto_ptr，其可以在编译期间合理确定智能指针对象作为右值时的合法性，只有作为临时右值才合法否则报错。

// unique_ptr::swap example
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

int main () {
  std::unique_ptr<int> foo (new int(10));
  std::unique_ptr<int> bar (new int(20));

  foo.swap(bar);

  std::cout << "foo: " << *foo << '\n';
  std::cout << "bar: " << *bar << '\n';

  return 0;
}

四、std::weak_ptr

原型：template class weak_ptr;

• operator=：weak_ptr assignment (public member function )
• swap：Swap content (public member function )
• reset：Reset pointer (public member function )
• use_count：共享shared_ptr的指针数
• expired：看对象use_count计数，若>0返回真
• lock：返回其指示的shared_ptr对象
• owner_before：Owner-based ordering (public member function template )

// weak_ptr::lock example
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

int main () {
  std::shared_ptr<int> sp1,sp2;
  std::weak_ptr<int> wp;
                                       // sharing group:
                                       // --------------
  sp1 = std::make_shared<int> (20);    // sp1
  wp = sp1;                            // sp1, wp

  sp2 = wp.lock();                     // sp1, wp, sp2
  sp1.reset();                         //      wp, sp2

  sp1 = wp.lock();                     // sp1, wp, sp2

  std::cout << "*sp1: " << *sp1 << '\n';
  std::cout << "*sp2: " << *sp2 << '\n';

  return 0;
}