Coursera机器学习 Week4 编程作业： Multi-class Classification and Neural Networks

此次编程作业分为两部分，是分别用one-vs-all逻辑回归和神经网络来实现识别手写数字0-9。

1 Multi-class Classification

1.1 Dataset

此次作业给出了5000组测试数据，每个测试数据由2020的像素组成，每个像素都由一个浮点数组成，可以将这2020的像素转化成向量的形式。每个测试数据组成矩阵X的一行，那么矩阵X是一个5000*400的矩阵了。
$$X=\left[\begin{array}{c}(x^{(1)}{)}^T\\ (x^{(2)}{)}^T\\ (x^{(3)}{)}^T\\ ...\\ (x^{(m)}{)}^T\end{array}\right]$$
因为Octave/MATLAB没有从0开始的前驱，所以我们可以将0标记成10来表示。

1.2 Visualizing the data

这里随机抽取了100组数据进行了可视化。

1.3 Vectorizing Logistic Regression

用向量运算完成逻辑回归的的代价函数和梯度

注意：这里的代价函数和梯度需要正则化

这一部分是要手动完成的，这里我附上代码

lrCostFunction.m

function [J, grad] = lrCostFunction(theta, X, y, lambda)
%LRCOSTFUNCTION Compute cost and gradient for logistic regression with 
%regularization
%   J = LRCOSTFUNCTION(theta, X, y, lambda) computes the cost of using
%   theta as the parameter for regularized logistic regression and the
%   gradient of the cost w.r.t. to the parameters. 

% Initialize some useful values
m = length(y); % number of training examples

% You need to return the following variables correctly 
J = 0;
grad = zeros(size(theta));

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Compute the cost of a particular choice of theta.
%               You should set J to the cost.
%               Compute the partial derivatives and set grad to the partial
%               derivatives of the cost w.r.t. each parameter in theta
%
% Hint: The computation of the cost function and gradients can be
%       efficiently vectorized. For example, consider the computation
%
%           sigmoid(X * theta)
%
%       Each row of the resulting matrix will contain the value of the
%       prediction for that example. You can make use of this to vectorize
%       the cost function and gradient computations. 
%
% Hint: When computing the gradient of the regularized cost function, 
%       there're many possible vectorized solutions, but one solution
%       looks like:
%           grad = (unregularized gradient for logistic regression)
%           temp = theta; 
%           temp(1) = 0;   % because we don't add anything for j = 0  
%           grad = grad + YOUR_CODE_HERE (using the temp variable)
%
g = X*theta;
h =sigmoid(g);
J = (-1/m)*((y'*log(h))+(1-y)'*log(1-h))+(lambda/(2*m))*(theta'*theta-theta(1)*theta(1));
grad = (1/m)*(X'*(h-y))+(lambda/m)*theta;
grad(1) = grad(1) -(lambda/m)*theta(1);

% =============================================================

grad = grad(:);

end

1.4 One-vs-all Classification

这一部分是要完成一对多分类，一对多分类可以转成一般的逻辑回归问题，可以将属于此类的数据用1表示，不属于此类的数据用0表示，这样就转化成了多次逻辑回归问题，这样可以通过一个向量来储存结果，向量中的每个元素表示是元素所表示的类的概率，我们取用概率最大的类别表示预测结果。
这一部分也需要我们完成，附上代码：

predictOneVsAll.m

function p = predictOneVsAll(all_theta, X)
%PREDICT Predict the label for a trained one-vs-all classifier. The labels 
%are in the range 1..K, where K = size(all_theta, 1). 
%  p = PREDICTONEVSALL(all_theta, X) will return a vector of predictions
%  for each example in the matrix X. Note that X contains the examples in
%  rows. all_theta is a matrix where the i-th row is a trained logistic
%  regression theta vector for the i-th class. You should set p to a vector
%  of values from 1..K (e.g., p = [1; 3; 1; 2] predicts classes 1, 3, 1, 2
%  for 4 examples) 

m = size(X, 1);
num_labels = size(all_theta, 1);

% You need to return the following variables correctly 
p = zeros(size(X, 1), 1);

% Add ones to the X data matrix
X = [ones(m, 1) X];

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Complete the following code to make predictions using
%               your learned logistic regression parameters (one-vs-all).
%               You should set p to a vector of predictions (from 1 to
%               num_labels).
%
% Hint: This code can be done all vectorized using the max function.
%       In particular, the max function can also return the index of the 
%       max element, for more information see 'help max'. If your examples 
%       are in rows, then, you can use max(A, [], 2) to obtain the max 
%       for each row.
%       
pre = X*all_theta';
[w,p] = max(pre,[],2);

% =========================================================================

end

2 Neural Networks

这一部分也是完成跟第一部分相同的功能。

Model representation

因为有400个特征值，所以我们的输入层就有400+1($x_0$)的输入,这里我们设置隐藏层的结点数为25个，因为要识别0-9这十个数字，那么就需要10个输出节点，这个跟多分类逻辑回归相似。
建立的神经网络如下：

2.2 Feedforward Propagation and Prediction

这一部分需要我们自己完成神经网络，这里已经将所有权值给出，不需要我们自己去求。我们只需要编写向量计算就可以了。
这里附上我的代码：

predict.m

function p = predict(Theta1, Theta2, X)
%PREDICT Predict the label of an input given a trained neural network
%   p = PREDICT(Theta1, Theta2, X) outputs the predicted label of X given the
%   trained weights of a neural network (Theta1, Theta2)

% Useful values
m = size(X, 1);
num_labels = size(Theta2, 1);

% You need to return the following variables correctly 
p = zeros(size(X, 1), 1);

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Complete the following code to make predictions using
%               your learned neural network. You should set p to a 
%               vector containing labels between 1 to num_labels.
%
% Hint: The max function might come in useful. In particular, the max
%       function can also return the index of the max element, for more
%       information see 'help max'. If your examples are in rows, then, you
%       can use max(A, [], 2) to obtain the max for each row.
%
X = [ones(m,1),X];
a_2 = sigmoid(X*Theta1');
a_2 = [ones(m,1),a_2];
a_3 = sigmoid(a_2*Theta2');
[w,p] = max(a_3,[],2); 

% =========================================================================

end

以上就是此次编程作业的内容。