代码随想录算法训练营第三十天 | 332.重新安排行程，51. N皇后，37. 解数独，总结

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Day29 休息~

一、参考资料

重点！！回溯算法总结篇

https://programmercarl.com/%E5%9B%9E%E6%BA%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93.html

组合问题：N个数里面按一定规则找出k个数的集合

排列问题：N个数按一定规则全排列，有几种排列方式

切割问题：一个字符串按一定规则有几种切割方式

子集问题：一个N个数的集合里有多少符合条件的子集

棋盘问题：N皇后，解数独等等

给你一份航线列表 tickets ，其中 tickets[i] = [fromi, toi] 表示飞机出发和降落的机场地点。请你对该行程进行重新规划排序。
所有这些机票都属于一个从 JFK（肯尼迪国际机场）出发的先生，所以该行程必须从 JFK 开始。如果存在多种有效的行程，请你按字典排序返回最小的行程组合。
例如，行程 ["JFK", "LGA"] 与 ["JFK", "LGB"] 相比就更小，排序更靠前。
假定所有机票至少存在一种合理的行程。且所有的机票必须都用一次且只能用一次。

示例一：
输入：tickets = [["MUC","LHR"],["JFK","MUC"],["SFO","SJC"],["LHR","SFO"]] 输出：["JFK","MUC","LHR","SFO","SJC"]

示例二：
输入：tickets = [["JFK","SFO"],["JFK","ATL"],["SFO","ATL"],["ATL","JFK"],["ATL","SFO"]] 输出：["JFK","ATL","JFK","SFO","ATL","SFO"] 解释：另一种有效的行程是 ["JFK","SFO","ATL","JFK","ATL","SFO"] ，但是它字典排序更大更靠后。

提示：
1 <= tickets.length <= 300
tickets[i].length == 2
fromi.length == 3
toi.length == 3
fromi 和 toi 由大写英文字母组成
fromi != toi

本题以输入：[["JFK", "KUL"], ["JFK", "NRT"], ["NRT", "JFK"]为例，抽象为树形结构如下：

class Solution {
private:
// unordered_map<出发机场, map<到达机场, 航班次数>> targets
unordered_map<string, map<string, int>> targets;
bool backtracking(int ticketNum, vector<string>& result) {
    if (result.size() == ticketNum + 1) {
        return true;
    }
    for (pair<const string, int>& target : targets[result[result.size() - 1]]) {
        if (target.second > 0 ) { // 记录到达机场是否飞过了
            result.push_back(target.first);
            target.second--;
            if (backtracking(ticketNum, result)) return true;
            result.pop_back();
            target.second++;
        }
    }
    return false;
}
public:
    vector<string> findItinerary(vector<vector<string>>& tickets) {
        targets.clear();
        vector<string> result;
        for (const vector<string>& vec : tickets) {
            targets[vec[0]][vec[1]]++; // 记录映射关系
        }
        result.push_back("JFK"); // 起始机场
        backtracking(tickets.size(), result);
        return result;
    }
};

三、LeetCode51. N皇后

https://leetcode.cn/problems/n-queens/description/

按照国际象棋的规则，皇后可以攻击与之处在同一行或同一列或同一斜线上的棋子。
n 皇后问题研究的是如何将 n 个皇后放置在 n×n 的棋盘上，并且使皇后彼此之间不能相互攻击。
给你一个整数 n ，返回所有不同的 n 皇后问题的解决方案。
每一种解法包含一个不同的 n 皇后问题的棋子放置方案，该方案中 'Q' 和 '.' 分别代表了皇后和空位。

示例一：
输入：n = 4 输出：[[".Q..","...Q","Q...","..Q."],["..Q.","Q...","...Q",".Q.."]] 解释：如上图所示，4 皇后问题存在两个不同的解法。
示例二：
输入：n = 1 输出：[["Q"]]

提示：
1 <= n <= 9

这题通过看讲解理解了思路，不过我暂时还不能自己独立写出来~

class Solution {
private:
vector<vector<string>> result;
// n 为输入的棋盘大小
// row 是当前递归到棋盘的第几行了
void backtracking(int n, int row, vector<string>& chessboard) {
    if (row == n) {
        result.push_back(chessboard);
        return;
    }
    for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {
        if (isValid(row, col, chessboard, n)) { // 验证合法就可以放
            chessboard[row][col] = 'Q'; // 放置皇后
            backtracking(n, row + 1, chessboard);
            chessboard[row][col] = '.'; // 回溯，撤销皇后
        }
    }
}
bool isValid(int row, int col, vector<string>& chessboard, int n) {
    // 检查列
    for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) { // 这是一个剪枝
        if (chessboard[i][col] == 'Q') {
            return false;
        }
    }
    // 检查 45度角是否有皇后
    for (int i = row - 1, j = col - 1; i >=0 && j >= 0; i--, j--) {
        if (chessboard[i][j] == 'Q') {
            return false;
        }
    }
    // 检查 135度角是否有皇后
    for(int i = row - 1, j = col + 1; i >= 0 && j < n; i--, j++) {
        if (chessboard[i][j] == 'Q') {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}
public:
    vector<vector<string>> solveNQueens(int n) {
        result.clear();
        // std::vector<std::string> chessboard(n, std::string(n, '.'));
        vector<string> chessboard(n, string(n, '.'));
        backtracking(n, 0, chessboard);
        return result;
    }
};

四、LeetCode37. 解数独

https://leetcode.cn/problems/sudoku-solver/description/

编写一个程序，通过填充空格来解决数独问题。
数独的解法需遵循如下规则：
数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）
数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 '.' 表示。

示例：
输入：board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]] 输出：[["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]]

只能说，这题更难了

码住卡哥的题解，回头填坑叭：

class Solution {
private:
bool backtracking(vector<vector<char>>& board) {
    for (int i = 0; i < board.size(); i++) {        // 遍历行
        for (int j = 0; j < board[0].size(); j++) { // 遍历列
            if (board[i][j] == '.') {
                for (char k = '1'; k <= '9'; k++) {     // (i, j) 这个位置放k是否合适
                    if (isValid(i, j, k, board)) {
                        board[i][j] = k;                // 放置k
                        if (backtracking(board)) return true; // 如果找到合适一组立刻返回
                        board[i][j] = '.';              // 回溯，撤销k
                    }
                }
                return false;  // 9个数都试完了，都不行，那么就返回false 
            }                
        }
    }
    return true; // 遍历完没有返回false，说明找到了合适棋盘位置了
}
bool isValid(int row, int col, char val, vector<vector<char>>& board) {
    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) { // 判断行里是否重复
        if (board[row][i] == val) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) { // 判断列里是否重复
        if (board[j][col] == val) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    int startRow = (row / 3) * 3;
    int startCol = (col / 3) * 3;
    for (int i = startRow; i < startRow + 3; i++) { // 判断9方格里是否重复
        for (int j = startCol; j < startCol + 3; j++) {
            if (board[i][j] == val ) {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}
public:
    void solveSudoku(vector<vector<char>>& board) {
        backtracking(board);
    }
};

今日总结：

剩下的回溯专题的“尾巴”，实在太难了，我只做到了理解思路，剩下的就慢慢消化啦

继续加油哈小赵~