GNU C 语法

                                                                                     《目录》


前言

GNU C  语法 是阅读 Linux 源码的必经之路,也是成为 C 语言大神较关键的一步。

GNU C  语法 是在 C 标准上的扩展。

比如,C 中的数据类型,运算符的优先级和结合性 等, 都是 C 标准之一。

C 标准到目前为止,共更新 4 次:

  • K&R C:《C 程序设计语言》
  • ANSI C:《ANSI C 官方文档》
  • C99:《C 语言那些事儿》/《C 语言国际标准 C99》
  • C11

主流的编译器,基本都会支持最新的 C 标准。

不过,不同编译器对 C 标准的支持也分为俩大派。

  • VC 派
  • GCC 派

我们的 GNU C 语法,是 GCC 派,GNU C 语法就是 GCC 在 C 标准上的扩展。

 

Linux 内核源码实例:

 

 

 

 

 


语句表达式

          表达式:如, i += 1

             语句:如, i += 1;

  语句表达式:如,({ i +=1; j += 1; });  语句表达式的值是最后一个表达式,掌握这个就可以作为循环的结束条件。

  举个例子:

//  ({ ... }) : 语句表达式
#include <stdio.h>

int main( void )
{
	int sum = 0;
	sum = ({ 
	                 int s = 0; 
	                 for( int i = 0; i < 10; i ++ )
	                       s += i;
	                  s;  // sum = s, s; 是最后一个表达式
             	}) ;  
        // ({...}) 很灵活,和在直接写差不多,不过要特别注意最后一个表达式的写法,另外,goto 也可以放进去。
	printf("%d", sum);
	return 0;
}

   再看看上面的图片,发现都是使用的 ({ .. }) 代替宏。

   如,取俩个数中的最大值:

#define MAX(x, y) ((x)>(y) ? (x) : (y))

   Linux 是这样写的:

#define MAX( type, x, y ) ({ \
    type _x = (x);         \
    type _y = (y);         \
    _x > _y ? _x : _y;    \
})

   因为第一种不安全,如比较 MAX(i++, j++),这是通过第一种宏定义展开 i, j 会自增俩次。

   第二种的最后一句是 _x > _y ? _x : _y;    \,整个 MAX(type, x, y) 最后返回的值就是最后一句的值。

 

 


typeof

     调用 MAX() 函数时,还得把类型写上。

     因此,GNU C 扩展了 typeof 关键字。

     sizeof :获取 变量、类型 的大小。

     typeof :获取 变量、表达式 的类型。

     因此,就可以修改上面的 MAX() 函数。

#define MAX( x, y ) ({    \
    typeof(x) _x = (x);   \
    typeof(y) _y = (y);   \
    _x > _y ? _x : _y;    \
})

      Linux 内核中的代码是这样:

#define MAX( x, y ) ({    \
    typeof(x) _x = (x);   \
    typeof(y) _y = (y);   \
    (void)(&_x == &_y);   \
    _x > _y ? _x : _y;    \
})

      (void)(&_x == &_y) :就是判断俩个数的类型,如果俩个数的类型不同编译器就会发出警告,说不同类型的指针不能比较。

 

补充一些基本的用法:

 

 


container_of 宏

      主要是为了获取结构体的首地址。

     

 看看,我仿写的,那时候我还不知道原来这就是 Linux 的 offsetof 宏:      

// 获取结构体的偏移量
#define offsetof(s,m) (((size_t)&(((s*)0)->f))

typedef struct stu
{
     char      c1;
     long      i;
     char      c2;
     double    f;
}ST;

// 调用宏:
printf("offset of : %d\n",offsetof(ST, f)); // f 是最后一个结构体成员

     分析一下 offsetof 宏:

  •      结构体变量名,无论在任何表达式中它表示的都是整个集合本身,要想取得结构体变量的地址,必须在前面加&
  •      (size_t) & (((s*)0)->f)
  •      展开是,
  •      (size_t) & (((ST*)0)->f)
  •     分解的意思是:
  •      (ST*)0   表示将数字 0 强行转为类型为结构体指针类型(ST*),这样 0 就是结构体的首地址 了。
  •      (ST*)0)->f  表示  调用成员变量  f。
  •      &(((ST*)0)->f)  表示  取出指针变量 f 的内存地址。
  •     因为结构体的首地址为 0,那么成员变量的地址就是 0 的偏移地址。
  •     所以 &(((ST*)0)->f) 这个值就是变量 f 的偏移值。
  •     最后用 (size_t) 将这个偏移值再一次强转为 size_t 类 型。

container_of 宏就是获取结构体的首地址,与 offsetof 宏是一个组合。

 

 


case 范围的扩展

看代码:

#include <stdio.h>

int main( )
{
	int i = 4;
	switch(i)
	{
	     case 0:
	          puts("0");
	          break;
	     case 2 ... 8:    // Look !
	          puts("2~8");
	          break;
	      case 9:
	          puts("9");
	          break;
	      default:
	          puts("default");
	          break;
	}
	return 0;
}

 

 


扩展数组的初始化

看代码:

    // 数组赋值的写法
	int a[ 10 ] = {   [9] = 233   };  // 单个赋值
	int b[ 10 ] = {   [0 ... 6] = 2333, [7 ... 9] = 100 };  // 范围赋值

 

 


扩展构造函数和析构函数

  •    constructor :构造函数
  •    destructor   :析构函数

使用方法:

  • __attribute__((constructor)) int init_func(void);

  • __attribute__((destructor)) int exit_func(void);

举例:

#include <stdio.h>

// 构造函数,运行在 main( ) 之前
__attribute__((constructor)) int init_func(void)
{
	puts(__func__);
}

// 析构函数,运行在 main( ) 之后
__attribute__((destructor)) int exit_func(void)
{
	puts(__func__);
}

int main( )
{
	puts(__func__);
	return 0;
}

 

 


如何确认 Malloc 的调用次数

      如题,我先把代码贴上。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

void *malloc( size_t size )
{
	char buf[ 32 ];
	static void *( *real_malloc )(size_t) = NULL;
	if( real_malloc == NULL ) {
		real_malloc = dlsym( RTLD_NEXT, "malloc");
	}
	sprintf(buf, "malloc called, size = %zu\n", size);
	write( 2, buf, strlen(buf) );
	return real_malloc(size);
}

int main( )
{
	puts("\n本程序调用的 malloc 次数及大小(上面的是系统调用的):");
	malloc( 1024 );
	return 0;
}

      运行后就发现,天哪,原理在运行 main() 函数之前,系统干了这么多事情。

    这是因为执行 main() 之前,还有一些暗箱操作。

     这些事情都是 CRT 运行库做的。

 

 


扩展数据的可移植性

      C 语言并没有严格规定 short、int、long 的长度,只做了宽泛的限制:

  • short 至少占用 2 个字节。
  • int 建议为一个机器字长。32 位环境下机器字长为 4 字节,64 位环境下机器字长为 8 字节。
  • short 的长度不能大于 int,long 的长度不能小于 int。

      总结起来,它们的长度(所占字节数)关系为:

      2 ≤ short ≤ int ≤ long

      这就意味着,short 并不一定真的 “短”,long 也并不一定真的 “长”,它们有可能和 int 占用相同的字节数。

      在 16 位环境下,short 的长度为 2 个字节,int 也为 2 个字节,long 为 4 个字节。16 位环境多用于单片机和低级嵌入式系统,在PC和服务器上已经见不到了。

      对于 32 位的 Windows、Linux 和 Mac OS,short 的长度为 2 个字节,int 为 4 个字节,long 也为 4 个字节。PC和服务器上的 32 位系统占有率也在慢慢下降,嵌入式系统使用 32 位越来越多。

      在 64 位环境下,不同的操作系统会有不同的结果,如下所示:

      目前我们使用较多的PC系统为 Win XP、Win 7、Win 8、Win 10、Mac OS、Linux,在这些系统中,short 和 int 的长度都是固定的,分别为 2 和 4,大家可以放心使用,只有 long 的长度在 Win64 和类 Unix 系统下会有所不同,使用时要注意移植性。

      但如果我们一定要用某种特定长度的数据类型咋办 ??

      GNU C 扩展了 mode 属性声明,Linux 内核中运用的也极其广泛。

      使用 mode 声明的变量,会固定长度。

      使用示例:

•        typedef int a  __attribute__((mode(QI)));
•        typedef unsigned int a  __attribute__((mode(QI)));

      QI 是 mode 的属性参数,代表 8 个字节。

 

  •        QI  :   8 bits,int 类型
  •        HI  : 16 bits,int 类型
  •        SI  : 32 bits,int 类型
  •        DI  : 64 bits,int 类型
  •        SF : 32 bits,float 类型
  •        DF : 64 bits,float 类型

 

#include <stdio.h>

typedef int a8 __attribute__( (mode( QI ) ) );
typedef int a16 __attribute__( (mode( HI ) ) );
typedef int a32 __attribute__( (mode( SI ) ) );
typedef int a64 __attribute__( (mode( DI ) ) );

int main( )
{
	a8 k;
	printf("k = %d, a8 = %d\n", sizeof(k), sizeof(a8) );
	return 0;
}

 

 


可变参数宏

       俩种定义方法:

       C99 :

#define debug(fmt, ...) printf( fmt, __VA_ARGS__ )

       GNU C:

#define Debug(fmt, args...) printf( fmt, args )

         俩者的作用是一样的,都可以接受参数列表。

         自己按照 printf() 函数的格式试一下,如 debug("%s", "hello")。

         但俩者都不能传单个参数,如 debug("hello"),因为如果只有一个参数,那 宏里的 fmt 后面的逗号就当了参数的一部分,会导致语法错误,如 debug("hello") 经过宏展开变成了 printf("hello",) 。

         使用 ## ,可消除后面的逗号。

         C99 :

#define debug(fmt, ...) printf( fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__ )

         GNU C:

#define Debug(fmt, args...) printf( fmt, args )

         Linux 内核中的可变参数宏:

 

 


扩展无返回值

          noreturn : 为函数声明,无返回值。

          使用示例:

  •           void func( int ) __attribute__((noreturn));

             如果不加  __attribute__((noreturn)); ,运行 gcc -Wall 当前源文件.c

             因为加了 -Wall , 所以会有警告信息。

             现在加  __attribute__((noreturn));  警告信息也不会有了。

 

 


扩展内建函数

         内建,即编译器自带的,不需要引入头文件,如 int、main 、struct 都是内建的。

         内建函数也是如此,函数是编译器自带的,不需要引入头文件,主要用于性能优化。

         以下的 C 标准库函数,其实都是内建函数,不需要引入头文件即可使用。

  • 内存相关函数:memcpy 、memset、memcmp

  • 数学函数:log、cos、abs、exp、

  • 字符串处理函数:strcat、 strcmp、strcpy 、 strlen

  • 打印函数:printf、scanf、putchar、puts

      条件是,加前缀 __builtin_。

      如:__builtin_puts( )、__builtin_memcpy( ),有一些出于安全、性能方面考虑,参数个数和 C 标准库函数不太一样,因为 C 标准库函数的函数不安全,如 strcpy() 、memcpy( )、scanf( )、gets( )。

         还有俩个特别有用的:

              __builtin_return_address(LEVEL)

  • 返回当前函数或调用者的返回地址
  •  0 : 表示当前函数的返回地址
  •  1 : 表示当前函数的调用者的返回地址

              __builtin_frame_address(LEVEL) 

  • 返回函数的栈帧地址
  •  0 : 表示当前函数
  •  1 : 表示当前函数的调用者

 

 


内建函数:__builtin_constant_p()

     __builtin_constant_p( n ):用来判断 变量n 是 变量 还是 常量。

 

 


内建函数:__builtin_expect()

    __builtin_expect(表达式,n):表示 表达式 的值为 n 的可能性很大,而这个函数的返回值就是表达式的值。

 

 


format

    format 是一个用于变参函数的声明。

    不了解 变参 吧,printf() 函数就是一个变参函数。

    举个例子,现在我自己实现一个变参函数 print() ,功能是打印传进来的所有参数 。

    函数原型:void print( ){ ... }

    变参函数的原型:void print( int cnt , ...){ ... }

    运行下面的代码,可以打印出 1 ~ n。

#include <stdio.h>

// 功能是打印传进来的所有参数
int print( int cnt, ... )
{
	int *args;    // 这里应该写 char *args,但我编译器不支持
	args = (char *)&cnt + 4;  // 一般都是字符型,如果是 int *  ,cnt + 1
	for( int i = 0; i < cnt; i ++ )
	    printf("%d ", *args++);
}

int main( )
{
	int n;
	scanf("%d", &n);
	print(n,   1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
	return 0;
}

     我在 TCC 上运行成功,GCC 不知道为什么出错了。

     为了代码的通用性、可读性,一些地方要改为 C 定义好的 宏。

  •      用 va_list 代替 char *;
  •      用 va_start(args, cnt) 代替 args = (char *)&cnt + 4;
  •      args ++ 改为 args += 4;

     另外,添加头文件 stdarg.h ,其余是一样的。

     那 format(缩写 fmt) 是干嘛的,format 就是用来代替 cnt 的。     

 

 


零长度数组

       零长度数组,是说某个结构体里有一个长度为 零 的数组。

       因为这个数组长度是 零,所以不占空间,只是表示一个地址而已啦。

typedef struct _a{
    int len;
    char a[0];    // 零长度数组
}a;

       使用 sizeof(a) 得到结构体的长度就是 4。

typedef struct _a{
	int len;
	char a[0];    // 如果使用 char *a,这样就占空间了
}a;

int main( )
{
	__builtin_printf("%d\n", sizeof(a) );
	
	a* A;
	A = ( a* )__builtin_malloc ( sizeof( a ) + 10 );
	A -> len = 20;
	__builtin_printf("%d\n", sizeof(A) );
	
	// 使用零长度数组
	__builtin_strcpy( A->a, "hello, world!");
	__builtin_puts( A->a );
	
	free( A );
	return 0;
}

 

        零长度数组应用在 Linux内核 中,一般是 USB 驱动(linux/usb.h)。

        鼠标、键盘传输的时候不需要,当视频同步传输时却需要,因此使用 char a[0] 代替 char *,因为 char a[0] 不用时,便不占用空间。

        

 


属性声明:__attribute__

          __attribute__ 可以告诉编译器此 变量/函数 需要检查或优化。

 

 


属性声明:section

          section 可以指定 变量/函数 的存储空间。

         使用格式:

int a __attribute__((section(".data")));

          测试:

int a __attribute__((section(".data")));

int main( )
{
}
  1.           gcc 当前源文件
  2.           readelf -S a.out,记住当前变量所在的位置如 26
  3.           readelf -S a.out,查看 26 是处于什么区域

          

 


__init 宏

         一些函数只想用于驱动,即就启动的时候用一下。

         加了 __init 宏 后,启动后就会把这个函数释放的空间释放掉。

         加了 __init 宏 的函数,就像一次性筷子,用一次就会扔掉。

       

Linux内核初始化函数

 

         一般先由  section 把一次性函数指定到某个段(.init.text) ,再使用 __init 宏 即可让内核释放。

 

 


Linux内核通用链表

#ifndef _LINUX_LIST_H
#define _LINUX_LIST_H

#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER)	((size_t)&((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER)

#define container_of(ptr, type, member) ({			\
	const typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr);	\
	(type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) );})

#define LIST_POISON1  ((void *) 0x00100100)
#define LIST_POISON2  ((void *) 0x00200200)

struct list_head {
	struct list_head *next, *prev;
};

struct hlist_head {
	struct hlist_node *first;
};

struct hlist_node {
	struct hlist_node *next, **pprev;
};

#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { &(name), &(name) }

// 初始化·宏
#define LIST_HEAD(name) \
	struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name)

// 初始化·内联函数
static inline void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)
{
	list->next = list;
	list->prev = list;
}


#ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST
// 添加节点·内联函数
static inline void __list_add(struct list_head *new,
			      struct list_head *prev,
			      struct list_head *next)
{
	next->prev = new;
	new->next = next;
	new->prev = prev;
	prev->next = new;
}
// 添加节点·宏
#else
extern void __list_add(struct list_head *new,
			      struct list_head *prev,
			      struct list_head *next);
#endif

// 头插,参数设计很为用户着想
static inline void list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)
{
	__list_add(new, head, head->next);
}

// 尾插,参数设计很为用户着想
static inline void list_add_tail(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)
{
	__list_add(new, head->prev, head);
}


static inline void __list_del(struct list_head * prev, struct list_head * next)
{
	next->prev = prev;
	prev->next = next;
}


#ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST
// 删除,参数设计很为用户着想
static inline void __list_del_entry(struct list_head *entry)
{
	__list_del(entry->prev, entry->next);
}

static inline void list_del(struct list_head *entry)
{
	__list_del(entry->prev, entry->next);
        entry->next = LIST_POISON1; // 指向一个特殊的地址,如果操作也会出现段错误
        entry->prev = LIST_POISON2; // 指向一个特殊的地址,如果操作也会出现段错误
}
#else
extern void __list_del_entry(struct list_head *entry);
extern void list_del(struct list_head *entry);
#endif


static inline void list_replace(struct list_head *old,
				struct list_head *new)
{
	new->next = old->next;
	new->next->prev = new;
	new->prev = old->prev;
	new->prev->next = new;
}

static inline void list_replace_init(struct list_head *old,
					struct list_head *new)
{
	list_replace(old, new);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(old);
}

/**
 * list_del_init - deletes entry from list and reinitialize it.
 * @entry: the element to delete from the list.
 */
static inline void list_del_init(struct list_head *entry)
{
	__list_del_entry(entry);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(entry);
}

/**
 * list_move - delete from one list and add as another's head
 * @list: the entry to move
 * @head: the head that will precede our entry
 */
static inline void list_move(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)
{
	__list_del_entry(list);
	list_add(list, head);
}

/**
 * list_move_tail - delete from one list and add as another's tail
 * @list: the entry to move
 * @head: the head that will follow our entry
 */
static inline void list_move_tail(struct list_head *list,
				  struct list_head *head)
{
	__list_del_entry(list);
	list_add_tail(list, head);
}

/**
 * list_is_last - tests whether @list is the last entry in list @head
 * @list: the entry to test
 * @head: the head of the list
 */
static inline int list_is_last(const struct list_head *list,
				const struct list_head *head)
{
	return list->next == head;
}

/**
 * list_empty - tests whether a list is empty
 * @head: the list to test.
 */
static inline int list_empty(const struct list_head *head)
{
	return head->next == head;
}

/**
 * list_empty_careful - tests whether a list is empty and not being modified
 * @head: the list to test
 *
 * Description:
 * tests whether a list is empty _and_ checks that no other CPU might be
 * in the process of modifying either member (next or prev)
 *
 * NOTE: using list_empty_careful() without synchronization
 * can only be safe if the only activity that can happen
 * to the list entry is list_del_init(). Eg. it cannot be used
 * if another CPU could re-list_add() it.
 */
static inline int list_empty_careful(const struct list_head *head)
{
	struct list_head *next = head->next;
	return (next == head) && (next == head->prev);
}

/**
 * list_rotate_left - rotate the list to the left
 * @head: the head of the list
 */
static inline void list_rotate_left(struct list_head *head)
{
	struct list_head *first;

	if (!list_empty(head)) {
		first = head->next;
		list_move_tail(first, head);
	}
}

/**
 * list_is_singular - tests whether a list has just one entry.
 * @head: the list to test.
 */
static inline int list_is_singular(const struct list_head *head)
{
	return !list_empty(head) && (head->next == head->prev);
}

static inline void __list_cut_position(struct list_head *list,
		struct list_head *head, struct list_head *entry)
{
	struct list_head *new_first = entry->next;
	list->next = head->next;
	list->next->prev = list;
	list->prev = entry;
	entry->next = list;
	head->next = new_first;
	new_first->prev = head;
}

/**
 * list_cut_position - cut a list into two
 * @list: a new list to add all removed entries
 * @head: a list with entries
 * @entry: an entry within head, could be the head itself
 *	and if so we won't cut the list
 *
 * This helper moves the initial part of @head, up to and
 * including @entry, from @head to @list. You should
 * pass on @entry an element you know is on @head. @list
 * should be an empty list or a list you do not care about
 * losing its data.
 *
 */
static inline void list_cut_position(struct list_head *list,
		struct list_head *head, struct list_head *entry)
{
	if (list_empty(head))
		return;
	if (list_is_singular(head) &&
		(head->next != entry && head != entry))
		return;
	if (entry == head)
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(list);
	else
		__list_cut_position(list, head, entry);
}

static inline void __list_splice(const struct list_head *list,
				 struct list_head *prev,
				 struct list_head *next)
{
	struct list_head *first = list->next;
	struct list_head *last = list->prev;

	first->prev = prev;
	prev->next = first;

	last->next = next;
	next->prev = last;
}

/**
 * list_splice - join two lists, this is designed for stacks
 * @list: the new list to add.
 * @head: the place to add it in the first list.
 */
static inline void list_splice(const struct list_head *list,
				struct list_head *head)
{
	if (!list_empty(list))
		__list_splice(list, head, head->next);
}

/**
 * list_splice_tail - join two lists, each list being a queue
 * @list: the new list to add.
 * @head: the place to add it in the first list.
 */
static inline void list_splice_tail(struct list_head *list,
				struct list_head *head)
{
	if (!list_empty(list))
		__list_splice(list, head->prev, head);
}

/**
 * list_splice_init - join two lists and reinitialise the emptied list.
 * @list: the new list to add.
 * @head: the place to add it in the first list.
 *
 * The list at @list is reinitialised
 */
static inline void list_splice_init(struct list_head *list,
				    struct list_head *head)
{
	if (!list_empty(list)) {
		__list_splice(list, head, head->next);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(list);
	}
}

/**
 * list_splice_tail_init - join two lists and reinitialise the emptied list
 * @list: the new list to add.
 * @head: the place to add it in the first list.
 *
 * Each of the lists is a queue.
 * The list at @list is reinitialised
 */
static inline void list_splice_tail_init(struct list_head *list,
					 struct list_head *head)
{
	if (!list_empty(list)) {
		__list_splice(list, head->prev, head);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(list);
	}
}

/**
 * list_entry - get the struct for this entry
 * @ptr:	the &struct list_head pointer.
 * @type:	the type of the struct this is embedded in.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 */
#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) \
	container_of(ptr, type, member)

/**
 * list_first_entry - get the first element from a list
 * @ptr:	the list head to take the element from.
 * @type:	the type of the struct this is embedded in.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Note, that list is expected to be not empty.
 */
#define list_first_entry(ptr, type, member) \
	list_entry((ptr)->next, type, member)

/**
 * list_last_entry - get the last element from a list
 * @ptr:	the list head to take the element from.
 * @type:	the type of the struct this is embedded in.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Note, that list is expected to be not empty.
 */
#define list_last_entry(ptr, type, member) \
	list_entry((ptr)->prev, type, member)

/**
 * list_first_entry_or_null - get the first element from a list
 * @ptr:	the list head to take the element from.
 * @type:	the type of the struct this is embedded in.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Note that if the list is empty, it returns NULL.
 */
#define list_first_entry_or_null(ptr, type, member) \
	(!list_empty(ptr) ? list_first_entry(ptr, type, member) : NULL)

/**
 * list_next_entry - get the next element in list
 * @pos:	the type * to cursor
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 */
#define list_next_entry(pos, member) \
	list_entry((pos)->member.next, typeof(*(pos)), member)

/**
 * list_prev_entry - get the prev element in list
 * @pos:	the type * to cursor
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 */
#define list_prev_entry(pos, member) \
	list_entry((pos)->member.prev, typeof(*(pos)), member)

/**
 * list_for_each	-	iterate over a list
 * @pos:	the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each(pos, head) \
	for (pos = (head)->next; pos != (head); pos = pos->next)

/**
 * list_for_each_prev	-	iterate over a list backwards
 * @pos:	the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each_prev(pos, head) \
	for (pos = (head)->prev; pos != (head); pos = pos->prev)

/**
 * list_for_each_safe - iterate over a list safe against removal of list entry
 * @pos:	the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:		another &struct list_head to use as temporary storage
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each_safe(pos, n, head) \
	for (pos = (head)->next, n = pos->next; pos != (head); \
		pos = n, n = pos->next)

/**
 * list_for_each_prev_safe - iterate over a list backwards safe against removal of list entry
 * @pos:	the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:		another &struct list_head to use as temporary storage
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each_prev_safe(pos, n, head) \
	for (pos = (head)->prev, n = pos->prev; \
	     pos != (head); \
	     pos = n, n = pos->prev)

/**
 * list_for_each_entry	-	iterate over list of given type
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry(pos, head, member)				\
	for (pos = list_first_entry(head, typeof(*pos), member);	\
	     &pos->member != (head);					\
	     pos = list_next_entry(pos, member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_reverse - iterate backwards over list of given type.
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_reverse(pos, head, member)			\
	for (pos = list_last_entry(head, typeof(*pos), member);		\
	     &pos->member != (head); 					\
	     pos = list_prev_entry(pos, member))

/**
 * list_prepare_entry - prepare a pos entry for use in list_for_each_entry_continue()
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a start point
 * @head:	the head of the list
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Prepares a pos entry for use as a start point in list_for_each_entry_continue().
 */
#define list_prepare_entry(pos, head, member) \
	((pos) ? : list_entry(head, typeof(*pos), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_continue - continue iteration over list of given type
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Continue to iterate over list of given type, continuing after
 * the current position.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_continue(pos, head, member) 		\
	for (pos = list_next_entry(pos, member);			\
	     &pos->member != (head);					\
	     pos = list_next_entry(pos, member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse - iterate backwards from the given point
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Start to iterate over list of given type backwards, continuing after
 * the current position.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse(pos, head, member)		\
	for (pos = list_prev_entry(pos, member);			\
	     &pos->member != (head);					\
	     pos = list_prev_entry(pos, member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_from - iterate over list of given type from the current point
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Iterate over list of given type, continuing from current position.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_from(pos, head, member) 			\
	for (; &pos->member != (head);					\
	     pos = list_next_entry(pos, member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_safe - iterate over list of given type safe against removal of list entry
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:		another type * to use as temporary storage
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_safe(pos, n, head, member)			\
	for (pos = list_first_entry(head, typeof(*pos), member),	\
		n = list_next_entry(pos, member);			\
	     &pos->member != (head); 					\
	     pos = n, n = list_next_entry(n, member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_safe_continue - continue list iteration safe against removal
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:		another type * to use as temporary storage
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Iterate over list of given type, continuing after current point,
 * safe against removal of list entry.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_safe_continue(pos, n, head, member) 		\
	for (pos = list_next_entry(pos, member), 				\
		n = list_next_entry(pos, member);				\
	     &pos->member != (head);						\
	     pos = n, n = list_next_entry(n, member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_safe_from - iterate over list from current point safe against removal
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:		another type * to use as temporary storage
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Iterate over list of given type from current point, safe against
 * removal of list entry.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_safe_from(pos, n, head, member) 			\
	for (n = list_next_entry(pos, member);					\
	     &pos->member != (head);						\
	     pos = n, n = list_next_entry(n, member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse - iterate backwards over list safe against removal
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:		another type * to use as temporary storage
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * Iterate backwards over list of given type, safe against removal
 * of list entry.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse(pos, n, head, member)		\
	for (pos = list_last_entry(head, typeof(*pos), member),		\
		n = list_prev_entry(pos, member);			\
	     &pos->member != (head); 					\
	     pos = n, n = list_prev_entry(n, member))

/**
 * list_safe_reset_next - reset a stale list_for_each_entry_safe loop
 * @pos:	the loop cursor used in the list_for_each_entry_safe loop
 * @n:		temporary storage used in list_for_each_entry_safe
 * @member:	the name of the list_head within the struct.
 *
 * list_safe_reset_next is not safe to use in general if the list may be
 * modified concurrently (eg. the lock is dropped in the loop body). An
 * exception to this is if the cursor element (pos) is pinned in the list,
 * and list_safe_reset_next is called after re-taking the lock and before
 * completing the current iteration of the loop body.
 */
#define list_safe_reset_next(pos, n, member)				\
	n = list_next_entry(pos, member)

/*
 * Double linked lists with a single pointer list head.
 * Mostly useful for hash tables where the two pointer list head is
 * too wasteful.
 * You lose the ability to access the tail in O(1).
 */

#define HLIST_HEAD_INIT { .first = NULL }
#define HLIST_HEAD(name) struct hlist_head name = {  .first = NULL }
#define INIT_HLIST_HEAD(ptr) ((ptr)->first = NULL)
static inline void INIT_HLIST_NODE(struct hlist_node *h)
{
	h->next = NULL;
	h->pprev = NULL;
}

static inline int hlist_unhashed(const struct hlist_node *h)
{
	return !h->pprev;
}

static inline int hlist_empty(const struct hlist_head *h)
{
	return !h->first;
}

static inline void __hlist_del(struct hlist_node *n)
{
	struct hlist_node *next = n->next;
	struct hlist_node **pprev = n->pprev;

//	WRITE_ONCE(*pprev, next);
	if (next)
		next->pprev = pprev;
}

static inline void hlist_del(struct hlist_node *n)
{
	__hlist_del(n);
	n->next = LIST_POISON1;
	n->pprev = LIST_POISON2;
}

static inline void hlist_del_init(struct hlist_node *n)
{
	if (!hlist_unhashed(n)) {
		__hlist_del(n);
		INIT_HLIST_NODE(n);
	}
}

static inline void hlist_add_head(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_head *h)
{
	struct hlist_node *first = h->first;
	n->next = first;
	if (first)
		first->pprev = &n->next;
	h->first = n;
	n->pprev = &h->first;
}

/* next must be != NULL */
static inline void hlist_add_before(struct hlist_node *n,
					struct hlist_node *next)
{
	n->pprev = next->pprev;
	n->next = next;
	next->pprev = &n->next;
	*(n->pprev) = n;
}

static inline void hlist_add_behind(struct hlist_node *n,
				    struct hlist_node *prev)
{
	n->next = prev->next;
	prev->next = n;
	n->pprev = &prev->next;

	if (n->next)
		n->next->pprev  = &n->next;
}

/* after that we'll appear to be on some hlist and hlist_del will work */
static inline void hlist_add_fake(struct hlist_node *n)
{
	n->pprev = &n->next;
}

//static inline bool hlist_fake(struct hlist_node *h)
//{
//	return h->pprev == &h->next;
//}

/*
 * Move a list from one list head to another. Fixup the pprev
 * reference of the first entry if it exists.
 */
static inline void hlist_move_list(struct hlist_head *old,
				   struct hlist_head *new)
{
	new->first = old->first;
	if (new->first)
		new->first->pprev = &new->first;
	old->first = NULL;
}

#define hlist_entry(ptr, type, member) container_of(ptr,type,member)

#define hlist_for_each(pos, head) \
	for (pos = (head)->first; pos ; pos = pos->next)

#define hlist_for_each_safe(pos, n, head) \
	for (pos = (head)->first; pos && ({ n = pos->next; 1; }); \
	     pos = n)

#define hlist_entry_safe(ptr, type, member) \
	({ typeof(ptr) ____ptr = (ptr); \
	   ____ptr ? hlist_entry(____ptr, type, member) : NULL; \
	})

/**
 * hlist_for_each_entry	- iterate over list of given type
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the hlist_node within the struct.
 */
#define hlist_for_each_entry(pos, head, member)				\
	for (pos = hlist_entry_safe((head)->first, typeof(*(pos)), member);\
	     pos;							\
	     pos = hlist_entry_safe((pos)->member.next, typeof(*(pos)), member))

/**
 * hlist_for_each_entry_continue - iterate over a hlist continuing after current point
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @member:	the name of the hlist_node within the struct.
 */
#define hlist_for_each_entry_continue(pos, member)			\
	for (pos = hlist_entry_safe((pos)->member.next, typeof(*(pos)), member);\
	     pos;							\
	     pos = hlist_entry_safe((pos)->member.next, typeof(*(pos)), member))

/**
 * hlist_for_each_entry_from - iterate over a hlist continuing from current point
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @member:	the name of the hlist_node within the struct.
 */
#define hlist_for_each_entry_from(pos, member)				\
	for (; pos;							\
	     pos = hlist_entry_safe((pos)->member.next, typeof(*(pos)), member))

/**
 * hlist_for_each_entry_safe - iterate over list of given type safe against removal of list entry
 * @pos:	the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:		another &struct hlist_node to use as temporary storage
 * @head:	the head for your list.
 * @member:	the name of the hlist_node within the struct.
 */
#define hlist_for_each_entry_safe(pos, n, head, member) 		\
	for (pos = hlist_entry_safe((head)->first, typeof(*pos), member);\
	     pos && ({ n = pos->member.next; 1; });			\
	     pos = hlist_entry_safe(n, typeof(*pos), member))

#endif

 

调用示范:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include"list.h"
struct device{
	int num;
	struct list_head node;
};

int main(void)
{
	struct device *p;
	struct device  head;
	struct list_head *pos,*q;
	
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&head.node);
	
	for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
		p = (struct device*)malloc(sizeof(struct device));
		printf("input device num:");
		scanf("%d",&p->num);
		list_add(&(p->node),&(head.node));
		
	}
	puts("list_for_each:");
	list_for_each(pos,&(head.node)){
		p = list_entry(pos,struct device, node);
		printf("num = %d\n",p->num);
	}	
	
	//delete
	list_for_each_safe(pos,q,&head.node){
		p = list_entry(pos,struct device,node);
		printf("freeing node: num = %d\n",p->num);
		list_del(pos);
		free(p);
	}

	return 0;
}

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

【更新ing...】

 

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