ubuntu18.04搭建

一、安装ubuntu18.04

本次ubuntu18.04安装参考链接：https://my.oschina.net/u/4330033/blog/4468610

我不想在虚拟机上安装ubuntu（其实已经装过一个），由于安装的这台电脑属于工作站类型，只想单独给电脑安装一个linux系统，可以当作服务器用。

我实际安装过程：

1.由于安装的电脑文件已经进行备份，其他文件均不需要了，我就将C盘之外的其他盘全部格式化了。

2.下载Ventoy工具：在https://ventoy.net/cn/index.html中下载Ventoy，里面的压缩包文件下载很慢，我用下面的百度网盘进行保存并下载的，比直接下那个压缩包快很多；

3.事先准备一个U盘，并将U盘内容全部移除到其他地方，因为后面安装Ventoy时需要格式化U盘；

4.解压Ventoy，点击exe程序，点击安装，按提示格式化U盘，显示成功安装Ventoy；

5.将事先下载好的ubuntu18.04镜像文件ubuntu-18.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso放入U盘；

6.重启电脑，进入BIOS系统（我安装的电脑是先按esc，再按F9），进行U盘启动电脑选项，Ventoy就会自动加载ubuntu-18.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso来安装ubuntu18.04操作系统，根据提示一步步安装即可。

7.安装好后重启电脑，进入时以ubuntu系统为默认（*），Enter进入即可。此时才发现我选择另一个进入windows系统也是行的，是一种双系统操作。感觉可能是C盘没有格式化，原系统还在缘故。

二、工具安装

sudo apt-get install vim
sudo apt-get install git
# 配置电脑中文与英文，这个参考网上链接即可
sudo apt-get install ibus ibus-clutter ibus-gtk ibus-gtk3 ibus-qt4

sudo apt install sox

git clone https://github.com/kaldi-asr/kaldi.git kaldi-trunk

三、从U盘向ubuntu系统复制东西

我参考的博客链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kan2016/article/details/94457258，并成功复制东西到ubuntu系统中。

gs@gs:~$ cat /proc/partitions
major minor  #blocks  name

   7        0       2376 loop0
   7        1       2288 loop1
   7        2       3796 loop2
   7        3     144032 loop3
   7        4      88964 loop4
   7        5      56796 loop5
   7        6        548 loop6
   7        7      35472 loop7
   8        0  234431064 sda
   8        1  234326016 sda1
   8       16  488386584 sdb
   8       17  154571928 sdb1
   8       18          1 sdb2
   8       21  184250368 sdb5
   8       22  149563392 sdb6
   7        8     144260 loop8
   7        9     101592 loop9
   7       10      13300 loop10
   7       11        276 loop11
   7       12      14840 loop12
   7       13       2544 loop13
   7       14      66324 loop14
   7       15     224248 loop15
gs@gs:~$ df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev            3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs           793M  2.0M  791M   1% /run
/dev/sdb6       140G  7.6G  125G   6% /
tmpfs           3.9G   32M  3.9G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs           5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs           3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop0      2.4M  2.4M     0 100% /snap/gnome-calculator/180
/dev/loop1      2.3M  2.3M     0 100% /snap/gnome-system-monitor/157
/dev/loop3      141M  141M     0 100% /snap/gnome-3-26-1604/100
/dev/loop2      3.8M  3.8M     0 100% /snap/gnome-system-monitor/51
/dev/loop5       56M   56M     0 100% /snap/core18/1988
/dev/loop4       87M   87M     0 100% /snap/core/4917
/dev/loop6      640K  640K     0 100% /snap/gnome-logs/103
/dev/loop11     384K  384K     0 100% /snap/gnome-characters/570
/dev/loop7       35M   35M     0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/319
/dev/loop8      141M  141M     0 100% /snap/gnome-3-26-1604/70
/dev/loop10      13M   13M     0 100% /snap/gnome-characters/103
/dev/loop9      100M  100M     0 100% /snap/core/10908
/dev/loop15     219M  219M     0 100% /snap/gnome-3-34-1804/66
/dev/loop14      65M   65M     0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1514
/dev/loop12      15M   15M     0 100% /snap/gnome-logs/37
/dev/loop13     2.5M  2.5M     0 100% /snap/gnome-calculator/884
tmpfs           793M   16K  793M   1% /run/user/121
tmpfs           793M   44K  793M   1% /run/user/1000
gs@gs:~$ cat /proc/partitions --block-size=m
cat: unrecognized option '--block-size=m'
Try 'cat --help' for more information.
gs@gs:~$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  examples.desktop  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
gs@gs:~$ cd /home/
gs@gs:/home$ ls
gs  hongbao.sang
gs@gs:/home$ cd /
gs@gs:/$ ls
bin  boot  cdrom  dev  etc  home  initrd.img  initrd.img.old  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  snap  srv  swapfile  sys  tmp  usr  var  vmlinuz
gs@gs:/$ cd media/
gs@gs:/media$ ls
gs
gs@gs:/media$ mkdir usb
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘usb’: Permission denied
gs@gs:/media$ sudo mkdir usb
[sudo] password for gs:
gs@gs:/media$ ls
gs  usb
gs@gs:/media$ sudo mount -t vfat /dev/sdb6/media/usb
mount: /dev/sdb6/media/usb: can't find in /etc/fstab.
gs@gs:/media$ fdisk -l
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop0: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop1: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop2: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop3: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop4: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop5: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop6: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop7: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sda: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sdb: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop8: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop9: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop10: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop11: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop12: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop13: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop14: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/loop15: Permission denied
fdisk: cannot open /dev/sdc: Permission denied
gs@gs:/media$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/loop0: 2.3 MiB, 2433024 bytes, 4752 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop1: 2.2 MiB, 2342912 bytes, 4576 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop2: 3.7 MiB, 3887104 bytes, 7592 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop3: 140.7 MiB, 147488768 bytes, 288064 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop4: 86.9 MiB, 91099136 bytes, 177928 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop5: 55.5 MiB, 58159104 bytes, 113592 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop6: 548 KiB, 561152 bytes, 1096 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop7: 34.7 MiB, 36323328 bytes, 70944 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/sda: 223.6 GiB, 240057409536 bytes, 468862128 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x724d16a2

Device     Boot  Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *    206848 468858879 468652032 223.5G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT


Disk /dev/sdb: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x946e946e

Device     Boot     Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1              67 309143923 309143857 147.4G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2       309145598 976773119 667627522 318.4G  f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sdb5       608272384 976773119 368500736 175.7G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb6       309145600 608272383 299126784 142.7G 83 Linux

Partition table entries are not in disk order.


Disk /dev/loop8: 140.9 MiB, 147722240 bytes, 288520 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop9: 99.2 MiB, 104030208 bytes, 203184 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop10: 13 MiB, 13619200 bytes, 26600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop11: 276 KiB, 282624 bytes, 552 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop12: 14.5 MiB, 15196160 bytes, 29680 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop13: 2.5 MiB, 2605056 bytes, 5088 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop14: 64.8 MiB, 67915776 bytes, 132648 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/loop15: 219 MiB, 229629952 bytes, 448496 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/sdc: 14.7 GiB, 15728640000 bytes, 30720000 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x69013342

Device     Boot    Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdc1  *        2048 30654463 30652416 14.6G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdc2       30654464 30719999    65536   32M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
gs@gs:/media$ mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt
mount: only root can do that
gs@gs:/media$ sudo mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt
mount: /mnt: unknown filesystem type 'exfat'.
gs@gs:/media$ cd /dev/sdc1
bash: cd: /dev/sdc1: Not a directory
gs@gs:/media$ sudo apt-get install exfat-utils
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  exfat-fuse
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  exfat-fuse exfat-utils
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 638 not upgraded.
Need to get 64.4 kB of archives.
After this operation, 273 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 exfat-fuse amd64 1.2.8-1 [24.5 kB]
Get:2 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 exfat-utils amd64 1.2.8-1 [39.9 kB]
Fetched 64.4 kB in 4s (15.2 kB/s)      
Selecting previously unselected package exfat-fuse.
(Reading database ... 130682 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../exfat-fuse_1.2.8-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking exfat-fuse (1.2.8-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package exfat-utils.
Preparing to unpack .../exfat-utils_1.2.8-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking exfat-utils (1.2.8-1) ...
Setting up exfat-utils (1.2.8-1) ...
Setting up exfat-fuse (1.2.8-1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2) ...
gs@gs:/media$ sudo mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt
FUSE exfat 1.2.8
gs@gs:/media$ cd /mnt/
gs@gs:/mnt$ ls
 RecordedVoice  'System Volume Information'   ubuntu-18.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
gs@gs:/mnt$ cp -r RecordedVoice /home/hongbao.sang/
cp: cannot create directory '/home/hongbao.sang/RecordedVoice': Permission denied
gs@gs:/mnt$ sudo cp -r RecordedVoice /home/hongbao.sang/
gs@gs:/mnt$ ls /home/hongbao.sang/
doc  examples.desktop  kaldi-trunk  RecordedVoice
gs@gs:/mnt$ cd /home/hongbao.sang/
gs@gs:/home/hongbao.sang$ ls
doc  examples.desktop  kaldi-trunk  RecordedVoice