气象海洋预测-Task1 气象数据分析常用工具
气象科学中的数据通常包含多个维度，例如本赛题中给出的数据就包含年、月、经度、纬度四个维度，为了便于数据的读取和操作，气象数据通常采用netCDF文件来存储，文件后缀为.nc。
对于以netCDF文件存储的气象数据，有两个常用的数据分析库，即NetCDF4和Xarray。在此次任务中，我们将学习这两个库的基本对象和基本操作，掌握用这两个库读取和处理气象数据的基本方法。
学习目标
1.了解和学习NetCDF4和Xarray的基本对象和基本操作，掌握用这两个库读取和处理气象数据的基本方法。
内容介绍
- NetCDF4
- 创建、打开和关闭netCDF文件
- 组（Groups）
- 维度（Dimensions）
- 变量（Variables）
- 属性（Attributes）
- 写入或读取变量数据
- 应用
- Xarray
- 创建DataArray
- 索引
- 属性
- 计算
- GroupBy
- 绘图
- 与Pandas对象相互转换
- Dataset
- 读/写netCDF文件
- 应用
NetCDF4
NetCDF4是NetCDF C库的Python模块，支持Groups、Dimensions、Variables和Attributes等对象类型及其相关操作。
安装NetCDF4
!pip install netCDF4
import netCDF4 as nc
创建、打开和关闭netCDF文件
NetCDF4可以通过调用Dataset创建netCDF文件或打开已存在的文件，并通过查看data_model属性确定文件的格式。需要注意创建或打开文件后要先关闭文件才能再次调用Dataset打开文件。
- 创建netCDF文件
from netCDF4 import Dataset
# Dataset包含三个输入参数：文件名，模式（其中'w', 'r+', 'a'为可写入模式），文件格式
test = Dataset('test.nc', 'w', 'NETCDF4')
test
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dataset'>
root group (NETCDF4 data model, file format HDF5):
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups:
- 打开已存在的netCDF文件
# 打开训练样本中的SODA数据
soda = Dataset('test.nc')
soda
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dataset'>
root group (NETCDF4 data model, file format HDF5):
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups:
- 查看文件格式
print(soda.data_model)
NETCDF4
- 关闭netCDF文件
soda.close()
Groups
NetCDF4支持按层级的组（Groups）来组织数据，类似于文件系统中的目录，Groups中可以包含Variables、Dimenions、Attributes对象以及其他Groups对象，Dataset会创建一个特殊的Groups，称为根组（Root Group），类似于根目录，使用Dataset.createGroup方法创建的组都包含在根组中。
- 创建Groups
# 接受一个字符串参数作为Group名称
group1 = test.createGroup('group1')
group2 = test.createGroup('group2')
group1
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group1:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups:
- 查看文件中的所有Groups
# 返回一个Group字典
test.groups
OrderedDict([('group1',
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group1:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups: ),
('group2',
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group2:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups: )])
- Groups嵌套
# 在group1和group2下分别再创建一个Group
group1_1 = test.createGroup('group1/group11')
group2_1 = test.createGroup('group2/group21')
test.groups
OrderedDict([('group1',
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group1:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups: group11),
('group2',
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group2:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups: group21)])
test.groups.values()
odict_values([<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group1:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups: group11, <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group2:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups: group21])
- 遍历查看所有Groups
# 定义一个生成器函数用来遍历所有目录树
def walktree(top):
values = top.groups.values()
yield values
for value in top.groups.values():
for children in walktree(value):
yield children
for groups in walktree(test):
for group in groups:
print(group)
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group1:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups: group11
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group2:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups: group21
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group1/group11:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups:
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group2/group21:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions):
groups:
Dimensions
NetCDF4用维度来定义各个变量的大小，例如本赛题中训练样本的第二维度month就是一个维度对象，每个样本包含36个月的数据，因此month维度内的变量的大小就是36。变量是包含在维度中的，因此在创建每个变量时要先创建其所在的维度。
- 创建Dimensions
Dataset.createDimension方法接受两个参数：维度名称，维度大小。维度大小设置为None或0时表示无穷维度。
# 创建无穷维度
level = test.createDimension('level', None)
time = test.createDimension('time', None)
# 创建有限维度
lat = test.createDimension('lat', 180)
lon = test.createDimension('lon', 360)
- 查看Dimensions
test.dimensions
OrderedDict([('level',
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'> (unlimited): name = 'level', size = 0),
('time',
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'> (unlimited): name = 'time', size = 0),
('lat',
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'>: name = 'lat', size = 180),
('lon',
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'>: name = 'lon', size = 360)])
- 查看维度大小
# 查看维度大小
print(len(lon))
360
# Dimension对象存储在字典中
print(level)
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'> (unlimited): name = 'level', size = 0
# 判断维度是否是无穷
print(time.isunlimited())
print(lat.isunlimited())
True
False
Variables
NetCDF4的Variables对象类似于Numpy中的多维数组，不同的是，NetCDF4的Variables变量可以存储在无穷维度中。
- 创建Variables
Dataset.createVariable方法接受的参数为：变量名，变量的数据类型，变量所在的维度。
变量的有效数据类型包括：‘f4’(32位浮点数)、‘f8’(64位浮点数)、‘i1’(8位有符号整型)、‘i2’(16位有符号整型)、‘i4’(32位有符号整型)、‘i8’(64位有符号整型)、‘u1’(8位无符号整型)、‘u2’(16位无符号整型)、‘u4’(32位无符号整型)、‘u8’(64位无符号整型)、‘s1’(单个字符)。
# 创建单个维度上的变量
times = test.createVariable('time', 'f8', ('time',))
levels = test.createVariable('level', 'i4', ('level',))
lats = test.createVariable('lat', 'f4', ('lat',))
lons = test.createVariable('lon', 'f4', ('lon',))
# 创建多个维度上的变量
temp = test.createVariable('temp', 'f4', ('time', 'level', 'lat', 'lon'))
times
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float64 time(time)
unlimited dimensions: time
current shape = (0,)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used
levels
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
int32 level(level)
unlimited dimensions: level
current shape = (0,)
filling on, default _FillValue of -2147483647 used
- 查看Variables
print(temp)
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float32 temp(time, level, lat, lon)
unlimited dimensions: time, level
current shape = (0, 0, 180, 360)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used
# 通过路径的方式在Group中创建变量
ftemp = test.createVariable('/group1/group11/ftemp', 'f8', ('time', 'level', 'lat', 'lon'))
ftemp
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float64 ftemp(time, level, lat, lon)
path = /group1/group11
unlimited dimensions: time, level
current shape = (0, 0, 180, 360)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used
# 可以通过路径查看变量
print(test['/group1/group11/ftemp'])
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float64 ftemp(time, level, lat, lon)
path = /group1/group11
unlimited dimensions: time, level
current shape = (0, 0, 180, 360)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used
print(test['/group1/group11'])
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Group'>
group /group1/group11:
dimensions(sizes):
variables(dimensions): float64 ftemp(time, level, lat, lon)
groups:
# 查看文件中的所有变量
print(test.variables)
OrderedDict([('time', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float64 time(time)
unlimited dimensions: time
current shape = (0,)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used), ('level', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
int32 level(level)
unlimited dimensions: level
current shape = (0,)
filling on, default _FillValue of -2147483647 used), ('lat', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float32 lat(lat)
unlimited dimensions:
current shape = (180,)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used), ('lon', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float32 lon(lon)
unlimited dimensions:
current shape = (360,)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used), ('temp', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float32 temp(time, level, lat, lon)
unlimited dimensions: time, level
current shape = (0, 0, 180, 360)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used)])
Attributes
Attributes对象用于存储对文件或维变量的描述信息，netcdf文件中包含两种属性：全局属性和变量属性。全局属性提供Groups或整个文件对象的信息，变量属性提供Variables对象的信息，属性的名称可以自己设置，下面例子中的description和history等都是自定义的属性名称。
import time
# 设置对文件的描述
test.description = 'bogus example script'
# 设置文件的历史信息
test.history = 'Created' + time.ctime(time.time())
# 设置文件的来源信息
test.source = 'netCDF4 python module tutorial'
# 设置变量属性
lats.units = 'degrees north'
lons.units = 'degrees east'
levels.units = 'hPa'
temp.units = 'K'
times.units = 'hours since 0001-01-01 00:00:00.0'
times.calendar = 'gregorian'
# 查看文件属性名称
print(test.ncattrs())
# 查看变量属性名称
print(test['lat'].ncattrs())
print(test['time'].ncattrs())
['description', 'history', 'source']
['units']
['units', 'calendar']
# 查看文件属性
for name in test.ncattrs():
print('Global attr {} = {}'.format(name, getattr(test, name)))
Global attr description = bogus example script
Global attr history = CreatedTue Jan 11 19:47:20 2022
Global attr source = netCDF4 python module tutorial
写入或读取变量数据
类似于数组，可以通过切片的方式向变量中写入或读取数据。
- 向变量中写入数据
from numpy.random import uniform
nlats = len(test.dimensions['lat'])
nlons = len(test.dimensions['lon'])
print('temp shape before adding data = {}'.format(temp.shape))
temp shape before adding data = (0, 0, 180, 360)
# 无穷维度的大小会随着写入的数据的大小自动扩展
temp[0:5, 0:10, :, :] = uniform(size=(5, 10, nlats, nlons))
print('temp shape after adding data = {}'.format(temp.shape))
temp shape after adding data = (5, 10, 180, 360)
print('levels shape after adding pressure data = {}'.format(levels.shape))
levels shape after adding pressure data = (10,)
- 读取变量中的数据
print(temp[1, 5, 100, 200])
0.13303915
print(temp[1, 5, 10:20, 100:110].shape)
(10, 10)
# 可以用start:stop:step的形式进行切片
print(temp[1, 5, 10, 100:110:2])
[0.08290233 0.44888723 0.11997929 0.7889917 0.17327116]
应用
我们尝试用NetCDF4来操作一下训练样本中的SODA数据。
# 打开SODA文件
soda = Dataset('test.nc')
# 查看文件格式
print('SODA文件格式：', soda.data_model)
# 查看文件中包含的对象
print(soda)
SODA文件格式： NETCDF4
<class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dataset'>
root group (NETCDF4 data model, file format HDF5):
description: bogus example script
history: CreatedTue Jan 11 19:47:20 2022
source: netCDF4 python module tutorial
dimensions(sizes): level(10), time(5), lat(180), lon(360)
variables(dimensions): float64 time(time), int32 level(level), float32 lat(lat), float32 lon(lon), float32 temp(time, level, lat, lon)
groups: group1, group2
# 查看维度和变量
print(soda.dimensions)
print(soda.variables)
OrderedDict([('level', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'> (unlimited): name = 'level', size = 10), ('time', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'> (unlimited): name = 'time', size = 5), ('lat', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'>: name = 'lat', size = 180), ('lon', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Dimension'>: name = 'lon', size = 360)])
OrderedDict([('time', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float64 time(time)
units: hours since 0001-01-01 00:00:00.0
calendar: gregorian
unlimited dimensions: time
current shape = (5,)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used), ('level', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
int32 level(level)
units: hPa
unlimited dimensions: level
current shape = (10,)
filling on, default _FillValue of -2147483647 used), ('lat', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float32 lat(lat)
units: degrees north
unlimited dimensions:
current shape = (180,)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used), ('lon', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float32 lon(lon)
units: degrees east
unlimited dimensions:
current shape = (360,)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used), ('temp', <class 'netCDF4._netCDF4.Variable'>
float32 temp(time, level, lat, lon)
units: K
unlimited dimensions: time, level
current shape = (5, 10, 180, 360)
filling on, default _FillValue of 9.969209968386869e+36 used)])
可以看到，SODA文件中包含year、month、lat、lon四个维度，维度大小分别是100、36、24和72，包含sst、t300、ua、va四个变量，每个变量都定义在(year, month, lat, lon)维度上。
# 读取每个变量中的数据
soda_sst = soda['level'][:]
print(soda_sst[1])
soda_t300 = soda['temp'][:]
print(soda_t300[1, 2, 12:24, 36])
# soda_ua = soda['ua'][:]
# print(soda_ua[1, 2, 12:24:2, 36:38])
# soda_va = soda['va'][:]
# print(soda_va[5:10, 0:12, 12, 36])
# 关闭文件
soda.close()
--
[0.31591734 0.59989274 0.44380635 0.7643542 0.5319885 0.78863186
0.97203755 0.4588462 0.19999161 0.9740341 0.65341175 0.9087504 ]
Xarray
Xarray是一个开源的Python库，支持在类似Numpy的多维数组上引入维度、坐标和属性标记并可以直接使用标记的名称进行相关操作，能够读写netcdf文件并进行进一步的数据分析和可视化。
Xarray有两个基本的数据结构：DataArray和Dataset，这两个数据结构都是在多维数组上建立的，其中DataArray用于标记的实现，Dataset则是一个类似于字典的DataArray容器。
安装Xarray要求满足以下依赖包：
- Python(3.7+)
- setuptools(40.4+)
- Numpy(1.17+)
- Pandas(1.0+)
!pip install xarray
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Looking in indexes: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple
Collecting xarray
Downloading https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/10/6f/9aa15b1f9001593d51a0e417a8ad2127ef384d08129a0720b3599133c1ed/xarray-0.16.2-py3-none-any.whl (736 kB)
[K |████████████████████████████████| 736 kB 198 kB/s eta 0:00:01
[?25hRequirement already satisfied: setuptools>=38.4 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from xarray) (51.1.1)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.15 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from xarray) (1.19.4)
Requirement already satisfied: pandas>=0.25 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from xarray) (1.1.5)
Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2017.2 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from pandas>=0.25->xarray) (2020.5)
Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.7.3 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from pandas>=0.25->xarray) (2.8.1)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.7.3->pandas>=0.25->xarray) (1.15.0)
Installing collected packages: xarray
Successfully installed xarray-0.16.2
[33mWARNING: You are using pip version 21.0.1; however, version 21.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/opt/conda/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.[0m
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import xarray as xr
创建DataArray
xr.DataArray接受三个输入参数：数组，维度，坐标。其中维度为数组的维度名称，坐标以字典的形式给维度赋予坐标标签。
# 创建一个2x3的数组，将维度命名为'x'和'y'，并赋予'x'维度10和20两个坐标标签
data = xr.DataArray(np.random.randn(2, 3), dims=('x', 'y'), coords={'x': [10, 20]})
data
# 查看数据
print(data.values)
# 查看维度
print(data.dims)
# 查看坐标
print(data.coords)
# 可以用data.attrs字典来存储任意元数据
print(data.attrs)
[[-1.89477837 -0.58997363 -1.77758946]
[-0.21793173 0.77616912 0.45868184]]
('x', 'y')
Coordinates:
* x (x) int64 10 20
{}
索引
Xarray支持四种索引方式。
# 通过位置索引，类似于numpy
print(data[0, :], '\n')
# 通过坐标标签索引
print(data.loc[10], '\n')
# 通过维度名称和位置索引，isel表示"integer select"
print(data.isel(x=0), '\n')
# 通过维度名称和坐标标签索引，sel表示"select"
print(data.sel(x=10), '\n')
<xarray.DataArray (y: 3)>
array([-1.89477837, -0.58997363, -1.77758946])
Coordinates:
x int64 10
Dimensions without coordinates: y
<xarray.DataArray (y: 3)>
array([-1.89477837, -0.58997363, -1.77758946])
Coordinates:
x int64 10
Dimensions without coordinates: y
<xarray.DataArray (y: 3)>
array([-1.89477837, -0.58997363, -1.77758946])
Coordinates:
x int64 10
Dimensions without coordinates: y
<xarray.DataArray (y: 3)>
array([-1.89477837, -0.58997363, -1.77758946])
Coordinates:
x int64 10
Dimensions without coordinates: y
属性
和NetCDF4一样，Xarray也支持自定义DataArray或标记的属性描述。
# 设置DataArray的属性
data.attrs['long_name'] = 'random velocity'
data.attrs['units'] = 'metres/sec'
data.attrs['description'] ='A random variable created as an example'
data.attrs['ramdom_attribute'] = 123
# 查看属性
print(data.attrs)
{'long_name': 'random velocity', 'units': 'metres/sec', 'description': 'A random variable created as an example', 'ramdom_attribute': 123}
# 设置维度标记的属性描述
data.x.attrs['units'] ='x units'
print('Attributes of x dimension:', data.x.attrs, '\n')
Attributes of x dimension: {'units': 'x units'}
计算
DataArray的计算方式类似于numpy ndarray。
data + 10
data.T
data.sum()
可以直接使用维度名称进行聚合操作。
data.mean(dim='x')
DataArray之间的计算操作可以根据维度名称进行广播。
a = xr.DataArray(np.random.randn(3), [data.coords['y']])
b = xr.DataArray(np.random.randn(4), dims='z')
print(a, '\n')
print(b, '\n')
print(a+b, '\n')
<xarray.DataArray (y: 3)>
array([0.04405523, 0.36823828, 0.38351121])
Coordinates:
* y (y) int64 0 1 2
<xarray.DataArray (z: 4)>
array([ 0.62771044, -0.41870179, -1.38038185, -0.19742089])
Dimensions without coordinates: z
<xarray.DataArray (y: 3, z: 4)>
array([[ 0.67176567, -0.37464656, -1.33632661, -0.15336566],
[ 0.99594872, -0.05046351, -1.01214356, 0.17081739],
[ 1.01122165, -0.03519058, -0.99687063, 0.18609032]])
Coordinates:
* y (y) int64 0 1 2
Dimensions without coordinates: z
data - data.T
data[:-1] - data[:1]
GroupBy
Xarray支持使用类似于Pandas的API进行分组操作。
labels = xr.DataArray(['E', 'F', 'E'], [data.coords['y']], name='labels')
labels
# 将data的y坐标对齐labels后按labels的值分组求均值
data.groupby(labels).mean('y')
# 将data的y坐标按labels分组后减去组内的最小值
data.groupby(labels).map(lambda x: x - x.min())
绘图
Xarray支持简单方便的可视化操作，这里只做简单的介绍，更多的绘图方法感兴趣的同学们可以自行去探索。
%matplotlib inline
data.plot()
<matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh at 0x7f7ea4327828>
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与Pandas对象互相转换
Xarray可以方便地转换成Pandas的Series或DataFrame，也可以由Pandas对象转换回Xarray。
# 转换成Pandas的Series
series = data.to_series()
series
x y
10 0 -1.894778
1 -0.589974
2 -1.777589
20 0 -0.217932
1 0.776169
2 0.458682
dtype: float64
# Series转换成Xarray
series.to_xarray()
# 转换成Pandas的DataFrame
df = data.to_dataframe(name='colname')
df
| colname | ||
|---|---|---|
| x | y | |
| 10 | 0 | -1.894778 |
| 1 | -0.589974 | |
| 2 | -1.777589 | |
| 20 | 0 | -0.217932 |
| 1 | 0.776169 | |
| 2 | 0.458682 |
# DataFrame转换成Xarray
xr.Dataset.from_dataframe(df)
Dataset
Dataset是一个类似于字典的DataArray的容器，可以看作是一个具有多为结构的DataFrame。对比NetCDF4库中的Dataset，我们可以发现两者的作用是相似的，都是作为容器用来存储其他的对象。
# 创建一个Dataset，其中包含三个DataArray
ds = xr.Dataset({'foo': data, 'bar': ('x', [1, 2]), 'baz': np.pi})
ds
可以通过字典的方式或者点索引的方式来查看DataArray，但是只有采用字典方式时才可以进行赋值。
# 通过字典方式查看DataArray
print(ds['foo'], '\n')
# 通过点索引的方式查看DataArray
print(ds.foo)
读/写netCDF文件
# 写入到netcdf文件
ds.to_netcdf('xarray_test.nc')
# 读取已存在的netcdf文件
xr.open_dataset('xarray_test.nc')
应用
尝试用Xarray来操作一下训练样本中的SODA数据。
# 打开SODA文件
soda = xr.open_dataset('SODA_train.nc')
# 查看文件属性
print(soda.attrs)
# 查看文件中包含的对象
print(soda)
{}
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions: (lat: 24, lon: 72, month: 36, year: 100)
Coordinates:
* year (year) int32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
* month (month) int32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
* lat (lat) float64 -55.0 -50.0 -45.0 -40.0 -35.0 ... 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
* lon (lon) float64 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 ... 340.0 345.0 350.0 355.0
Data variables:
sst (year, month, lat, lon) float32 ...
t300 (year, month, lat, lon) float32 ...
ua (year, month, lat, lon) float64 ...
va (year, month, lat, lon) float64 ...
# 查看维度和坐标
print(soda.dims)
print(soda.coords)
Frozen(SortedKeysDict({'year': 100, 'month': 36, 'lat': 24, 'lon': 72}))
Coordinates:
* year (year) int32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
* month (month) int32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
* lat (lat) float64 -55.0 -50.0 -45.0 -40.0 -35.0 ... 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
* lon (lon) float64 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 ... 340.0 345.0 350.0 355.0
# 读取数据
soda_sst = soda['sst']
print(soda_sst[1, 1, 1, 1], '\n')
soda_t300 = soda['t300']
print(soda_t300[1, 2, 12:24, 36], '\n')
soda_ua = soda['ua']
print(soda_ua[1, 2, 12:24:2, 36:38], '\n')
soda_va = soda['va']
print(soda_va[5:10, 0:12, 12, 36])
<xarray.DataArray 'sst' ()>
array(0.549156, dtype=float32)
Coordinates:
year int32 2
month int32 2
lat float64 -50.0
lon float64 5.0
<xarray.DataArray 't300' (lat: 12)>
array([ 0.350308, -0.271906, -0.394029, 0.534374, 0.378115, 0.371367,
0.082296, 0.754251, 0.682577, 0.147856, 0.220678, 0.574088],
dtype=float32)
Coordinates:
year int32 2
month int32 3
* lat (lat) float64 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 ... 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
lon float64 180.0
<xarray.DataArray 'ua' (lat: 6, lon: 2)>
array([[ 1.222841, 1.084187],
[-0.106073, -0.286916],
[-0.983318, -0.892802],
[-1.157512, -1.04381 ],
[ 1.443658, 1.275039],
[ 2.179182, 1.776857]])
Coordinates:
year int32 2
month int32 3
* lat (lat) float64 5.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 55.0
* lon (lon) float64 180.0 185.0
<xarray.DataArray 'va' (year: 5, month: 12)>
array([[ 0.875687, 0.640397, 1.346922, 0.532989, 0.985298, 1.02812 ,
0.853269, 0.746913, 0.289339, -0.401898, -0.832116, -0.432147],
[ 0.040508, 0.157661, -0.734164, -0.706849, -0.567588, 0.104219,
0.588996, 0.224966, -0.252701, -0.519716, -1.152297, -1.315635],
[-1.742571, -2.09365 , -3.080663, -2.863212, -1.135314, 0.053631,
0.513007, 1.139938, 1.030276, 1.018402, 0.882338, 2.161939],
[ 1.876133, 1.298197, 0.912559, 0.072299, -0.547984, 0.95893 ,
1.205327, 0.956807, 0.993742, 0.75878 , 0.690233, 0.910672],
[ 0.564618, -0.047889, 0.537964, 0.341526, -0.142936, -0.160385,
0.36168 , 0.315495, 0.51516 , 0.513514, 0.066542, 0.423261]])
Coordinates:
* year (year) int32 6 7 8 9 10
* month (month) int32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
lat float64 5.0
lon float64 180.0
作业
基础作业：
1.尝试用NetCDF4和Xarray来操作赛题数据，对数据有基本的了解。
进阶作业：
2.尝试用Xarray对训练数据进行数据探索和数据可视化。
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