每日更新：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41880352/article/details/94288895
目录
61、ATM
Stands for "Asynchronous Transfer Mode." Most people know of ATMs as automated teller machines -- those friendly boxes that allow you to withdraw cash from your bank or credit account while charging you a ridiculous surcharge for the service. In the computer world, however, ATM has a different meaning. Asynchronous Transfer Mode is a networking technology that transfers data in packets or cells of a fixed size.
ATM uses 53-byte cells (5 bytes for the address header and 48 bytes for the data). These extremely small cells can be processed through an ATM switch (not an automated teller machine) fast enough to maintain data transfer speeds of over 600 mbps. The technology was designed for the high-speed transmission of all forms of media from basic graphics to full-motion video. Because the cells are so small, ATM equipment can transmit large amounts of data over a single connection while ensuring that no single transmission takes up all the bandwidth. It also allows Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to assign limited bandwidth to each customer. While this may seem like a downside for the customer, it actually improves the efficiency of the ISP's Internet connection, causing the overall speed of the connection to be faster for everybody.
surcharge 罚款
full-motion video 全动态视频
代表“异步传输模式”。大多数人都知道ATM是自动取款机 - 那些友好的盒子，允许您从银行或信用卡账户提取现金，同时向您收取服务的荒谬附加费。然而，在计算机世界中，ATM具有不同的含义。异步传输模式是一种以固定大小的数据包或单元传输数据的网络技术。
ATM使用53字节的单元（地址头为5字节，数据为48字节）。这些极小的单元可以通过ATM交换机（非自动柜员机）快速处理，以保持超过600 mbps的数据传输速度。该技术专为从基本图形到全动态视频的各种形式的媒体的高速传输而设计。由于小区非常小，ATM设备可以通过单个连接传输大量数据，同时确保没有单个传输占用所有带宽。它还允许Internet服务提供商（ISP）为每个客户分配有限的带宽。虽然这对客户来说似乎是一个缺点，但它实际上提高了ISP的互联网连接效率，使得每个人的连接速度更快。
62、Attachment
An attachment, or email attachment, is a file sent with an email message. It may be an image, video, text document, or any other type of file.
Most email clients and webmail systems allow you to send and receive attachments. To send an attachment along with your email, you can use the "Attach" command, then browse to the file you want to attach. In some email interfaces, you can simply drag a file into the message window to attach it. When you receive an attachment, most email programs allow you to view the attachment in place or save it to your local storage device.
While modern email programs make it easy to send and receive attachments, the original email system (SMTP) was actually not designed to handle binary files. Therefore, attachments must be encoded as text in order to be transferred with an email message. The most common encoding type is MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions). While MIME encoding makes it possible to send messages with emails, it typically increases the file size of the attachment about 30%. That's why when you attach a file to an email message, the file size of the attachment appears larger than the original file.
You can attach multiple files to a single email message. However, the maximum size of the combined attachments is limited by the sending and receiving mail servers. In other words, the size of the attachment(s) after being encoded cannot be larger than the limit of either the outgoing or incoming mail server. In the early days of email, attachments were limited to one megabyte (1 MB). Today, many mail servers allow attachments larger than 20 MB. However, to protect against viruses and malware, many mail servers will not accept executable file types, such as .EXE or .PIF files. If you need to send an executable file to someone, you can compress the file as a .ZIP archive before attaching it to the email message.
NOTE: Even a large amount of text takes up a small amount of space compared to most binary files. Therefore, attaching a document to an email may increase the size substantially. For example, a typical email may only require one kilobyte (1 KB) of disk space. Attaching a single 1 MB file will make the message 1,000 times larger. Therefore, it is best to share large files using another method like FTP or DropBox. Additionally, if you have almost reached your email quota on your mail server, you can free up a lot of space by deleting old attachments.
附件或电子邮件附件是随电子邮件一起发送的文件。它可以是图像，视频，文本文档或任何其他类型的文件。
大多数电子邮件客户端和Webmail系统允许您发送和接收附件。要将附件与电子邮件一起发送，可以使用“附加”命令，然后浏览到要附加的文件。在某些电子邮件界面中，您只需将文件拖到消息窗口即可附加它。收到附件后，大多数电子邮件程序都允许您查看附件或将其保存到本地存储设备。
虽然现代电子邮件程序可以轻松发送和接收附件，但原始电子邮件系统（SMTP）实际上并非设计用于处理二进制文件。因此，附件必须编码为文本才能通过电子邮件传输。最常见的编码类型是MIME（多用途Internet邮件扩展）。虽然MIME编码可以使用电子邮件发送邮件，但它通常会将附件的文件大小增加大约30％。这就是为什么当您将文件附加到电子邮件时，附件的文件大小看起来比原始文件大。
您可以将多个文件附加到单个电子邮件中。但是，组合附件的最大大小受发送和接收邮件服务器的限制。换句话说，编码后的附件的大小不能大于传出或传入邮件服务器的限制。在电子邮件的早期，附件限制为1兆字节（1 MB）。今天，许多邮件服务器允许大于20 MB的附件。但是，为了防范病毒和恶意软件，许多邮件服务器将不接受可执行文件类型，例如.EXE或.PIF文件。如果需要将可执行文件发送给某人，可以将该文件压缩为.ZIP存档，然后再将其附加到电子邮件中。
注意：与大多数二进制文件相比，即使大量文本也占用少量空间。因此，将文档附加到电子邮件可以大大增加尺寸。例如，典型的电子邮件可能只需要一个千字节（1 KB）的磁盘空间。附加单个1 MB文件将使邮件大1000倍。因此，最好使用FTP或DropBox等其他方法共享大文件。此外，如果您的邮件服务器上几乎达到了电子邮件配额，则可以通过删除旧附件释放大量空间。
63、ATX
Stands for "Advanced Technology eXtended." ATX is a motherboard specification that defines the board's physical dimensions, connector placement, I/O ports, and supported power supplies. It was introduced by Intel in 1995 and was designed to replace the previous "AT" standard for desktop PCs. Since then, many variations of the original ATX standard have been developed and some are still used in today's desktop computers.
There are several distinct differences between ATX and the AT form factor it superseded. For example, ATX has an I/O panel that is twice the height of the AT panel and allows for flexible interface layouts. It also has different processor, memory, and drive I/O locations. These changes provide the following benefits:
Fewer cables
Improved reliability
Support for modern I/O standards like USB
Support for integrated graphics
Larger expansion slots
Easier processor and memory upgrades
Reduced cost
A full size ATX motherboard is 12 inches wide and 9.6 inches deep (305 x 244 mm). There are also several variants of ATX, which have slightly different form factors. This include the following:
FlexATX – 9 × 7.5 in (229 × 191 mm)
MicroATX – 9.6 × 9.6 in (244 × 244 mm)
Mini ATX – 11.2 × 8.2 in (284 × 208 mm)
Extended ATX (EATX) – 12 × 13 in (305 × 330 mm)
Workstation ATX (WTX) – 14 × 16.75 in (356 × 425 mm)
The ATX specification defines the mounting hole locations, which means any standard ATX motherboard can be attached to any standard ATX case. Smaller boards (such as FlexATX, MicroATX, and Mini ATX) have several of the same mounting hole locations, so they can be placed in a standard ATX case as well. The universal compatibility of ATX boards and components make them a popular choice for hobbyists who build their own PCs.
diemensions 规模，大小
panel 面板
supersed 代替
mount 装配
代表“高级技术扩展”。 ATX是一种主板规格，用于定义电路板的物理尺寸，连接器位置，I / O端口和支持的电源。它于1995年由英特尔推出，旨在取代之前的台式机“AT”标准。从那时起，已经开发了许多原始ATX标准的变体，并且一些仍然在今天的台式计算机中使用。
ATX与它取代的AT外形之间存在几个明显的差异。例如，ATX的I / O面板是AT面板高度的两倍，并允许灵活的界面布局。它还具有不同的处理器，内存和驱动器I / O位置。这些更改提供以下好处：
更少的电缆
提高可靠性
支持USB等现代I / O标准
支持集成显卡
更大的扩展槽
更轻松的处理器和内存升级
降低成本
全尺寸ATX主板宽12英寸，深9.6英寸（305 x 244毫米）。还有几种ATX变体，它们的外形略有不同。这包括以下内容：
FlexATX - 9×7.5英寸（229×191毫米）
MicroATX - 9.6×9.6英寸（244×244毫米）
迷你ATX - 11.2×8.2英寸（284×208毫米）
扩展ATX（EATX） - 12×13英寸（305×330毫米）
工作站ATX（WTX） - 14×16.75英寸（356×425毫米）
ATX规范定义了安装孔位置，这意味着任何标准ATX主板都可以连接到任何标准ATX机箱。较小的板（例如FlexATX，MicroATX和Mini ATX）具有多个相同的安装孔位置，因此它们也可以放置在标准的ATX外壳中。 ATX板和组件的通用兼容性使其成为构建自己的PC的业余爱好者的热门选择。
64、Augmented Reality
Augmented reality, commonly abbreviated "AR," is computer-generated content overlaid on a real world environment. AR hardware comes in many forms, including devices that you can carry, such as handheld displays, and devices you wear, such as headsets, and glasses. Common applications of AR technology include video games, television, and personal navigation, though there are many other uses as well.
Pokémon Go is a popular video game that uses augmented reality. The app, which runs on iOS and Android devices, uses your smartphone's GPS signal to detect your location. As you walk around, your avatar is overlaid on a real-world map, along with in-game content, such as Pokéstops, gyms, and Pokemon that appear. When you attempt to catch a Pokémon, it shows up with a real-word background created by your smartphone's camera. The camera can be turned on or off using the "AR" toggle switch.
Augmented reality is also used in television, especially in sports. For example, golf broadcasts sometimes display a line on the screen that tracks the flight of the ball. NFL games display a first down line overlaid on the field. Major league baseball games often display dynamically generated ads behind home plate. In olympic races, a world record (WR) line is displayed during some races to show how close an athlete is to a record time.
In navigation, AR is used to display location information in real-time. This is typically done through a heads-up display (HUD) that projects images in front of you like a hologram. For instance, HUD in an automobile might display your speed, engine RPMs, and other useful data. Google Glass, a head-mounted display, can overlay directions from Google Maps and identify locations using the built-in camera.
AR vs VR
While augmented reality and virtual reality share some things in common, they are two different technologies. AR augments reality, but doesn't replace it. VR completely replaces your surroundings with a virtual environment. Therefore, any hardware that combines digital content with your actual surroundings is an AR device. Hardware that operates independently from your location and encompasses your vision is a VR device.
Agumented reality 增强现实技术：是一种将虚拟和现实巧妙结合的技术
navigation 导航
avatar 头像
toogle 设置开关
league 联盟，社团
ads 可调式避震系统
heads-up 单挑
hologram 全息摄像
增强现实，通常缩写为“AR”，是覆盖在现实世界环境中的计算机生成的内容。 AR硬件有多种形式，包括您可以携带的设备，如手持显示器，以及您佩戴的设备，如耳机和眼镜。 AR技术的常见应用包括视频游戏，电视和个人导航，但也有许多其他用途。
神奇宝贝Go是一款使用增强现实的流行视频游戏。该应用程序在iOS和Android设备上运行，使用智能手机的GPS信号来检测您的位置。当您四处走动时，您的头像会叠加在真实世界的地图上，同时还会显示游戏内容，例如出现的Pokéstops，健身房和神奇宝贝。当您尝试捕捉神奇宝贝时，它会显示智能手机相机创建的真实背景。可以使用“AR”拨动开关打开或关闭相机。
增强现实也用于电视，尤其是体育。例如，高尔夫广播有时在屏幕上显示跟踪球的飞行的线。 NFL比赛在场上显示第一个下线。大联盟棒球比赛经常在本垒板后面显示动态生成的广告。在奥运会比赛中，在一些比赛中显示世界纪录（WR）线，以显示运动员与创纪录时间的接近程度。
在导航中，AR用于实时显示位置信息。这通常通过抬头显示器（HUD）完成，该显示器将图像投射到您面前，就像全息图一样。例如，汽车中的HUD可能会显示您的速度，发动机转速和其他有用数据。 Google Glass是一款头戴式显示器，可以叠加来自Google地图的路线，并使用内置摄像头识别位置。
AR vs VR
虽然增强现实和虚拟现实共享一些共同点，但它们是两种不同的技术。增强现实，但不会取代现实。 VR完全用虚拟环境取代您的周围环境。因此，任何将数字内容与您的实际环境相结合的硬件都是AR设备。独立于您所在位置并且包含您的愿景的硬件是VR设备。
65、AUP
Stands for "Acceptable Use Policy." An AUP is list of rules you must follow in order to use a website or Internet service. It is similar to a software license agreement (SLA), but is used specifically for Internet services.
Most well-known, high traffic websites include an AUP, which may also be called Terms of Service (TOS) or Terms of Use (TOU). You can often find a link to the to the website's AUP in the footer of the home page. Many web services, such as cloud applications require you to agree to an AUP in order to use the online service. ISPs often provide an AUP with each account, which states specific guidelines you must follow.
The specifics of an AUP vary depending on the service offered. Even website AUPs may differ greatly based on the purpose of the website and the website's content. However, most AUPs include a list of general dos and don'ts while using the service, such as the following:
Do not violate any federal or state laws.
Do not violate the rights of others.
Do not distribute viruses or other malware.
Do not try to gain access to an unauthorized area or account.
Respect others' copyrights and intellectual property.
Familiarize yourself with the usage guidelines and report violations.
An AUP serves as an agreement between the user and the company offering the online service. Some rules are basic netiquette, while others may have legal ramifications. If you fail to comply with a policy in a AUP, the company has the right to suspend or terminate your account or take legal action if necessary. Therefore, it is wise to familiarize yourself with the AUPs of the Internet services you use.
netiquette 网络礼节
ramifications 分支；分叉
代表“可接受的使用政策”。 AUP是您使用网站或Internet服务必须遵循的规则列表。它类似于软件许可协议（SLA），但专门用于Internet服务。
大多数众所周知的高流量网站都包含AUP，也可称为服务条款（TOS）或使用条款（TOU）。您通常可以在主页的页脚中找到指向网站AUP的链接。许多Web服务（例如云应用程序）要求您同意AUP才能使用在线服务。 ISP通常会为每个帐户提供AUP，其中说明了您必须遵循的具体指导原则。
AUP的细节取决于所提供的服务。甚至网站AUP可能会根据网站的目的和网站的内容而有很大差异。但是，大多数AUP在使用服务时都包含一般注意事项和注意事项列表，如下所示：
不要违反任何联邦或州法律。
不要侵犯他人的权利。
不要分发病毒或其他恶意软件。
请勿尝试访问未经授权的区域或帐户。
尊重他人的版权和知识产权。
熟悉使用指南和举报违规行为。
AUP用作用户与提供在线服务的公司之间的协议。一些规则是基本礼仪，而其他规则可能具有法律后果。如果您未遵守AUP中的政策，公司有权暂停或终止您的帐户或在必要时采取法律行动。因此，熟悉您使用的Internet服务的AUP是明智的。
66、Autoresponder
An autoresponder is a program or script on a mail server that automatically replies to e-mails. Though it is run from the mail server, an autoresponder can usually be set up by the user through a Web-based interface. For example, a company might set up an autoresponder for their support e-mail address to let users know they have received their support requests. The automated reply might read something like, "Thank you, we have received your message. One of our technicians will attempt to answer your question after he finishes his dart game in the lobby."
Individuals may also use autoresponders to let people know when they are away from their computer and won't be able to respond to any e-mails for awhile. For example, you might set up an autoresponder for your personal e-mail address to say, "Sorry, I am on vacation in the Bahamas indefinitely. I'll respond to your message whenever I decide to come back." Of course, it is important to reply to messages even after the autroresponder has sent a esponse. After all, most people like to communicate with other people rather than computers.
lobby 大厅
esponse 快速响应，回答
自动回复器是邮件服务器上的程序或脚本，可自动回复电子邮件。虽然它是从邮件服务器运行的，但用户通常可以通过基于Web的界面设置自动回复器。例如，公司可能会为其支持电子邮件地址设置自动回复，以便让用户知道他们已收到他们的支持请求。自动回复可能会显示如下内容：“谢谢，我们已收到您的消息。我们的技术人员将在大厅完成飞镖游戏后尝试回答您的问题。”
个人也可以使用自动回复器让人们知道他们何时离开他们的计算机，并且暂时无法回复任何电子邮件。例如，您可以为您的个人电子邮件地址设置一个自动回复来说：“抱歉，我正在巴哈马无限期地度假。每当我决定回来时，我都会回复您的信息。”当然，即使在autroresponder发送了响应之后，回复消息也很重要。毕竟，大多数人喜欢与其他人而不是计算机进行交流。
67、Avatar
Generally speaking, an avatar is the embodiment of a person or idea. However, in the computer world, an avatar specifically refers to a character that represents an online user. Avatars are commonly used in multiplayer gaming, online communities, and Web forums.
Online multiplayer role-playing games (MMORPGs) such as World of Warcraft and EverQuest allow users to create custom characters. These characters serve as the players' avatars. For example, a World of Warcraft player may choose a Paladin with blue armor as his avatar. As the player progresses in the game, his character may gain items and experience, which allows the avatar to evolve over time.
Avatars are also used in online communities, such as Second Life and The Sims Online. These avatars can be custom-designed to create a truly unique appearance for each player. Once a user has created an avatar, he or she becomes part of an online community filled with other users' avatars. Players can interact with other avatars and talk to them using text or voice chat. It's no surprise that "Second Life" refers to a virtual life that players live through their avatars.
Finally, avatars may also seen in Web forums. Online discussion boards typically require users to register and provide information about themselves. Many give users the option to select an image file that represents the user's persona. This image, combined with a made-up username, serves as a person's avatar. For example, a user may select a picture of a Pac-Man and choose the name "pac32" for his avatar. This avatar typically appears next to each posting the user contributes in an online forum.
Regardless of the application, avatars allow people to represent themselves online in whatever way they want. They may be considered alter-egos, since users can customize characters that are completely different than their actual personas. Of course, what's the point of having a "second life" if it's the same as reality?
embodiment 化身
forums 论坛
Paladin 骑士
Armor 盔甲
一般而言，化身是人或想法的体现。然而，在计算机世界中，化身特指代表在线用户的角色。头像通常用于多人游戏，在线社区和网络论坛。
魔兽世界和EverQuest等在线多人角色扮演游戏（MMORPG）允许用户创建自定义角色。这些角色充当了玩家的头像。例如，“魔兽世界”玩家可以选择带蓝色盔甲的圣骑士作为他的化身。随着玩家在游戏中的进步，他的角色可以获得物品和体验，这允许化身随着时间的推移而进化。
头像也用于在线社区，例如Second Life和The Sims Online。这些头像可以定制设计，为每个玩家创造一个真正独特的外观。一旦用户创建了头像，他或她就会成为充满其他用户头像的在线社区的一部分。玩家可以与其他头像进行互动，并使用文字或语音聊天与他们交谈。毫无疑问，“第二人生”指的是玩家通过他们的化身生活的虚拟生活。
最后，化身也可以在网络论坛中看到。在线讨论板通常要求用户注册并提供有关他们自己的信息。许多用户可以选择选择代表用户角色的图像文件。这张图片与一个虚构的用户名相结合，可以作为一个人的头像。例如，用户可以选择吃豆人的图片并为他的化身选择名称“pac32”。该化身通常出现在用户在在线论坛中贡献的每个帖子旁边。
无论应用程序如何，虚拟形象都允许人们以任何他们想要的方式在线表示自己。它们可能被视为alter-egos，因为用户可以自定义与其实际角色完全不同的角色。当然，如果它与现实相同，那么拥有“第二人生”的意义何在？
68、Backbone
Just like the human backbone carries signals to many smaller nerves in the body, a network backbone carries data to smaller lines of transmission. A local backbone refers to the main network lines that connect several local area networks (LANs) together. The result is a wide area network (WAN) linked by a backbone connection.
The Internet, which is the ultimate wide area network, relies on a backbone to carry data over long distances. The Internet backbone consists of several ultra-high bandwidth connections that link together many different nodes around the world. These nodes route incoming data to smaller networks in the local region. The fewer "hops" your data needs to make before reaching the backbone, the faster it will get sent to the destination. This is why many Web hosts and ISPs have direct connections to the Internet backbone.
backbone 支柱，主干网
nerves 神经
就像人体骨干向身体中的许多较小的神经传递信号一样，网络骨干网将数据传输到较小的传输线。 本地骨干是指将多个局域网（LAN）连接在一起的主网络线路。 结果是通过骨干连接链接的广域网（WAN）。
互联网是最终的广域网，它依靠骨干网来远距离传输数据。 互联网骨干网由几个超高带宽连接组成，这些连接将世界各地的许多不同节点连接在一起。 这些节点将传入数据路由到本地区域中的较小网络。 在到达主干网之前，您的数据需要的“跳数”越少，发送到目的地的速度就越快。 这就是许多Web主机和ISP与Internet主干网直接连接的原因。
69、Backlink
A backlink is an incoming link from an external website to specific webpage. For example, if you publish a webpage and 20 other websites link to it, your webpage has 20 backlinks. Links to the page from within your own website are not included in the backlink total.
Web developers benefit from backlinks (or "inlinks") in two different ways — direct traffic and search result placement. As more links to a specific webpage are published on external sites, there is greater potential for traffic to be generated from other websites. This is called direct traffic. By increasing direct traffic, a website can gradually grow its presence on the Web and generate a steady stream of visitors from other websites.
While direct traffic is helpful, most websites generate the majority of their traffic through search engines. Since search engines use backlinks as an important part of the their algorithms for search result placement, external links are important for good search ranking. Therefore, generating backlinks has become common practice for search engine optimization, or SEO. The more backlinks a webpage has, the better the chance that the page will rank highly in search results for relevant keywords. If a website has many pages that have backlinks, the overall number of incoming links may help increase the ranking of all pages within the website. While most backlinks point to a website's home page, incoming links to other pages within the website are beneficial as well.
反向链接是从外部网站到特定网页的传入链接。例如，如果您发布网页并且有20个其他网站链接到该网页，则您的网页会有20个反向链接。从您自己的网站中链接到该页面不包含在反向链接总计中。
Web开发人员以两种不同的方式从反向链接（或“链接”）中受益 - 直接流量和搜索结果放置。随着更多指向特定网页的链接在外部网站上发布，从其他网站生成流量的可能性更大。这称为直接流量。通过增加直接流量，网站可以逐渐增加其在网络上的存在，并从其他网站产生源源不断的访问者。
虽然直接流量很有用，但大多数网站通过搜索引擎产生大部分流量。由于搜索引擎使用反向链接作为其搜索结果放置算法的重要部分，因此外部链接对于良好的搜索排名非常重要。因此，生成反向链接已成为搜索引擎优化或SEO的常见做法。网页反向链接越多，网页在相关关键字的搜索结果中排名越高的可能性就越大。如果网站有许多具有反向链接的页面，则传入链接的总数可能有助于提高网站内所有页面的排名。虽然大多数反向链接指向网站的主页，但是到网站内其他页面的传入链接也是有益的。
70、Backside Bus
There are two types of buses that carry data to and from a computer's CPU. They are the frontside bus and backside bus. Surprisingly, there is no correlation between these and the backside and frontside airs that snowboarders talk about.
While the frontside bus carries data between the CPU and memory, the backside bus transfers data to and from the computer's secondary cache. The secondary, or L2 cache stores frequently used functions and other data close to the processor. This allows the computer's CPU to work more efficiently since it can repeat processes faster.
When the processor needs information from the L2 cache, it is sent over the backside bus. Because this process needs to be extremely fast, the clock speed of the backside bus cannot afford to lag behind. For this reason, the backside bus is often as fast as the processor. The frontside bus, on the other hand, is typically half the speed of the processor or slower.
lag 落后
有两种类型的总线可以将数据传送到计算机的CPU或从计算机的CPU传送数据。 它们是前端总线和后端总线。令人惊讶的是，这些与滑雪者谈论的背面和正面空气之间没有相关性。
虽然前端总线在CPU和内存之间传输数据，但后端总线将数据传输到计算机的二级缓存和从计算机的二级缓存传输数据。 辅助或L2缓存存储常用功能和靠近处理器的其他数据。 这样可以使计算机的CPU更有效地工作，因为它可以更快地重复进程。
当处理器需要来自L2缓存的信息时，它通过后端总线发送。因为这个过程需要非常快，所以后侧总线的时钟速度不能落后。因此，后端总线通常与处理器一样快。 另一方面，前端总线通常是处理器速度的一半或更慢。
71、Backup
Backup is the most important computer term you should know.
A backup is a copy of one or more files created as an alternate in case the original data is lost or becomes unusable. For example, you may save several copies of a research paper on your hard drive as backup files incase you decide to use a previous revision. Better yet, you could save the backups to a USB flash disk, which would also protect the files if the hard drive failed.
Hard drives are meant to run for many years without crashing. But just like all electronic devices, they are not immune to problems. Because they are not solid state devices, hard drives rely on moving parts to access data, which can malfunction and cause your data to become unrecoverable. If you need proof of how fragile hard drives really are, go to your local computer store and have someone show you an open hard drive. When you realize all your data is stored in such a small, delicate device, you may have a new understanding of why you need to backup your data.
But it's not just hardware malfunctions you have to worry about. Software corruption can also damage your files. Directory structures can become damaged and cause entire folders to disappear. Files can be mistakenly deleted or corrupted by viruses or other software attacks. Program installation conflicts can make applications or files unusable. There are unfortunately many ways for your data to become damaged or disappear.
That is why it is so important to backup your data. Most people don't realize the importance of having a backup until it is too late. Of course, when you have lost years of photos, school papers, business documents, e-mail archives, music, movies, or any other data that you cannot recover, the importance of having a backup becomes all too real.
So how do you backup your data? The best way is to use an external storage device, such as an external hard drive, flash memory device, or even another computer. You can also create permanent backups using optical media, such as CD-R and DVD-R discs. Backing up individual folders and files is as easy copying them from the source media (your computer's hard disk) to the destination (an external hard drive). If you want to backup your entire system or would like to have regular backups automatically performed, you can use backup software that will backup your data for you. Many programs are available for both Mac and Windows that provide automatic backups and system restore capabilities.
If you have not yet backed up your hard drive, now is a good time to do so. It's much better to back up your data now than once it is too late.
malfunction 故障
fragile 易碎
备份是您应该知道的最重要的计算机术语。
备份是在原始数据丢失或变得不可用的情况下作为备用创建的一个或多个文件的副本。例如，您可以在硬盘驱动器上保存多份研究论文副本作为备份文件，因为您决定使用以前的版本。更好的是，您可以将备份保存到USB闪存盘，如果硬盘驱动器出现故障，也可以保护文件。
硬盘驱动器可以运行多年而不会崩溃。但就像所有电子设备一样，它们也不能免于问题。因为它们不是固态设备，所以硬盘驱动器依靠移动部件来访问数据，这可能会导致故障并导致数据无法恢复。如果您需要证明硬盘驱动器的脆弱程度，请访问您当地的计算机商店并让某人向您显示一个开放的硬盘驱动器。当您意识到所有数据都存储在如此小巧精致的设备中时，您可能会对需要备份数据的原因有了新的认识。
但是，您不必担心硬件故障。软件损坏也可能损坏您的文件。目录结构可能会损坏并导致整个文件夹消失。文件可能被病毒或其他软件攻击错误地删除或损坏。程序安装冲突可能导致应用程序或文件无法使用。遗憾的是，有许多方法可以使您的数据受损或消失。
这就是备份数据如此重要的原因。大多数人都没有意识到备份的重要性，直到为时已晚。当然，当您丢失多年的照片，学校论文，商业文档，电子邮件档案，音乐，电影或任何其他无法恢复的数据时，备份的重要性变得非常真实。
那么如何备份数据呢？最好的方法是使用外部存储设备，例如外部硬盘驱动器，闪存设备，甚至是其他计算机。您还可以使用光学介质创建永久备份，例如CD-R和DVD-R光盘。备份单个文件夹和文件很容易将它们从源媒体（计算机的硬盘）复制到目标（外部硬盘驱动器）。如果要备份整个系统或希望自动执行常规备份，可以使用备份软件为您备份数据。许多程序可用于Mac和Windows，提供自动备份和系统还原功能。
如果您尚未备份硬盘，现在正是这样做的好时机。现在备份数据要好得多，为时已晚。
72、Bandwidth
Bandwidth describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or Internet connection. It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time. For example, a gigabit Ethernet connection has a bandwidth of 1,000 Mbps, (125 megabytes per second). An Internet connection via cable modem may provide 25 Mbps of bandwidth.
While bandwidth is used to describe network speeds, it does not measure how fast bits of data move from one location to another. Since data packets travel over electronic or fiber optic cables, the speed of each bit transferred is negligible. Instead, bandwidth measures how much data can flow through a specific connection at one time.
When visualizing bandwidth, it may help to think of a network connection as a tube and each bit of data as a grain of sand. If you pour a large amount of sand into a skinny tube, it will take a long time for the sand to flow through it. If you pour the same amount of sand through a wide tube, the sand will finish flowing through the tube much faster. Similarly, a download will finish much faster when you have a high-bandwidth connection rather than a low-bandwidth connection.
Data often flows over multiple network connections, which means the connection with the smallest bandwidth acts as a bottleneck. Generally, the Internet backbone and connections between servers have the most bandwidth, so they rarely serve as bottlenecks. Instead, the most common Internet bottleneck is your connection to your ISP.
NOTE: Bandwidth also refers to a range of frequencies used to transmit a signal. This type of bandwidth is measured in hertz and is often referenced in signal processing applications.
带宽描述了网络或Internet连接的最大数据传输速率。它测量在给定时间内通过特定连接发送的数据量。例如，千兆以太网连接的带宽为1,000 Mbps（每秒125兆字节）。通过电缆调制解调器的因特网连接可以提供25Mbps的带宽。
虽然带宽用于描述网络速度，但它并不能测量数据位从一个位置移动到另一个位置的速度。由于数据包通过电子或光纤电缆传输，因此传输的每个位的速度可以忽略不计。相反，带宽可以测量一次可以通过特定连接流动的数据量。
在可视化带宽时，可能有助于将网络连接视为管道，将每个数据点视为一粒沙子。如果将大量的沙子倒入一个细管中，沙子需要很长时间才能流过它。如果您通过宽管浇注相同数量的沙子，沙子将更快地完成流过管道。同样，当您拥有高带宽连接而不是低带宽连接时，下载速度会快得多。
数据通常流经多个网络连接，这意味着具有最小带宽的连接成为瓶颈。通常，Internet骨干网和服务器之间的连接具有最大带宽，因此它们很少成为瓶颈。相反，最常见的Internet瓶颈是您与ISP的连接。
注意：带宽还指用于传输信号的频率范围。这种带宽以赫兹为单位测量，通常在信号处理应用中引用。
73、Banner Ad
Whether you like it or not, much of the Web is run by advertising. Just like television or radio, websites can offer free content by generating revenue from advertising. While you may get tired of Web ads from time to time, most people would agree that seeing a few advertisements here and there is better than paying a usage fee for each website.
Perhaps the most prolific form of Web advertising is the banner ad. It is a long, rectangular image that can be placed just about anywhere on a Web page. Most banner ads are 468 pixels wide by 60 pixels high (468x60). They may contain text, images, or sometimes those annoying animations that make it hard to focus on the page's content. Regardless of the type of banner ad, when a user clicks the advertisement, he or she is redirected to the advertiser's website.
prolifig 多产的，丰富的
不管你喜不喜欢，大部分网络都是通过广告来运作的。 就像电视或广播一样，网站可以通过广告收入提供免费内容。 虽然您可能会不时厌倦网络广告，但大多数人会同意在这里看到一些广告，而不是为每个网站支付使用费。
也许最广泛的网络广告形式是横幅广告。 它是一个长的矩形图像，可以放在网页的任何位置。 大多数横幅广告的宽度为468像素，高度为60像素（468x60）。 它们可能包含文本，图像或有时令人烦恼的动画，这些动画很难将重点放在页面内容上。 无论横幅广告的类型如何，当用户点击广告时，他或她将被重定向到广告商的网站。
74、BarCraft
A BarCraft is an event in which people gather to watch live StarCraft 2 competitions. Most BarCraft gatherings take place in sports bars, though the term can be used to describe any event in which a group of people watch StarCraft 2 together.
StarCraft 2 (also "SC2") is a popular real-time strategy (RTS) game in which players choose to control one of three races. When a game starts, each player begins with a base at a fixed location on a map. Players then build structures, create units, and attempt to attack and defeat other players on the map. 1v1, 2v2, 3v3, 4v4, and FFA (free for all) games are possible, though 1v1 games are the most common.
Since StarCraft 2 is one of the most popular eSports games, professional tournaments are held on a regular basis. Most BarCrafts are organized around prominent StarCraft 2 tournaments, such as MLG, NASL, or GSL competitions. These tournaments are streamed live over the Internet and often require a subscription to watch, similar to pay-per-view TV. Venues that host BarCrafts typically cover the viewing fee, but may charge patrons an admittance fee to watch the games. Most BarCraft venues stream the SC2 matches live on one or more screens.
BarCraft是一个人们聚集观看星际争霸2比赛的活动。大多数BarCraft聚会都在体育酒吧举行，但这个术语可以用来描述一群人一起观看星际争霸2的任何事件。
星际争霸2（也称为“SC2”）是一种流行的即时战略（RTS）游戏，玩家可以选择控制三场比赛中的一场。当游戏开始时，每个玩家从地图上固定位置的基地开始。然后玩家构建结构，创建单位，并尝试攻击并击败地图上的其他玩家。 1v1,2v2,3v3,4v4和FFA（全民免费）游戏是可能的，尽管1v1游戏是最常见的。
由于星际争霸2是最受欢迎的电子竞技游戏之一，因此定期举办专业比赛。大多数BarCrafts都是围绕着名的星际争霸2锦标赛组织的，比如MLG，NASL或GSL比赛。这些锦标赛通过互联网直播，通常需要订阅观看，类似于按次付费电视。举办BarCrafts的场地通常会收取观看费，但可能会向顾客收取观看游戏的入场费。大多数BarCraft场地在一个或多个屏幕上实时播放SC2比赛。
75、Bare Metal
A bare metal system is a computer that does not include any software. This means the user must install an operating system in order for the hardware to be functional.
The term "bare metal" is commonly used to refer to custom-built PCs and barebones systems. These types of computers are ideal for PC enthusiasts, who may prefer to install their own software rather than paying extra for pre-loaded programs. A bare metal system also allows advanced users to choose a non-mainstream OS, such as a specific Linux distribution.
Web hosting companies may also offer bare metal systems to clients who wish to customize their web server from the ground up. For instance, a client may purchase a dedicated or co-located server with a specific hardware configuration. The server administrator can then install a specific operating system and web server software on the computer.
NOTE: Bare metal is sometimes used to refer to a "bare metal restore," which refers to restoring a complete computer software configuration.
裸机系统是不包含任何软件的计算机。这意味着用户必须安装操作系统才能使硬件正常运行。
术语“裸机”通常用于指定制PC和准系统。这些类型的计算机非常适合PC爱好者，他们可能更喜欢安装自己的软件，而不是为预加载的程序支付额外费用。裸机系统还允许高级用户选择非主流操作系统，例如特定的Linux发行版。
网络托管公司也可能为希望从头开始定制其Web服务器的客户提供裸机系统。例如，客户端可以购买具有特定硬件配置的专用或共址服务器。然后，服务器管理员可以在计算机上安装特定的操作系统和Web服务器软件。
注意：裸机属有时用于表示“裸机还原”，指的是恢复完整的计算机软件配置。
76、Bare Metal Restore
A bare metal restore is a type of computer restoration process that restores the full software configuration from a specific system. It may be used to restore a computer system from a backup or simply migrate the software configuration from one machine to another.
The terms "restore" and "bare metal restore" are often used interchangeably, since they both refer to bringing a computer back to a specific state. However, a bare metal restore is unique in that it can be used to restore a specific software configuration to a dissimilar hardware configuration. For example, a bare metal restore may used to restore a Linux system to a new computer made by a different manufacturer. I can also be used to restore a complete system to a new hard drive with different partition sizes.
A bare metal restore is similar to a disk image restore, since both types of restores are used to rebuild a computer's software from scratch. However, a disk image restore simply copies the data bit-for-bit to a specific storage device. This may cause problems if the new hardware does not support certain configurations contained in the disk image. Therefore, web hosting companies and network admins often create "bare metal backups" for their clients, which can be used to perform a bare metal restore.
裸机还原是一种计算机还原过程，可从特定系统还原完整的软件配置。它可用于从备份恢复计算机系统，或者只是将软件配置从一台计算机迁移到另一台计算机。
术语“恢复”和“裸机恢复”通常可互换使用，因为它们都指将计算机带回特定状态。但是，裸机还原的独特之处在于它可用于将特定软件配置还原到不同的硬件配置。例如，裸机还原可用于将Linux系统还原到由不同制造商制造的新计算机。我还可以用来将一个完整的系统恢复到具有不同分区大小的新硬盘。
裸机还原类似于磁盘映像还原，因为这两种类型的还原都用于从头开始重建计算机的软件。但是，磁盘映像还原只是将数据逐位复制到特定的存储设备。如果新硬件不支持磁盘映像中包含的某些配置，则可能会出现问题。因此，Web托管公司和网络管理员经常为其客户创建“裸机备份”，可用于执行裸机还原。
77、Bash
Bash, though typically not capitalized, is an acronym for "Bourne-Again Shell" and is named after Stephen Bourne, the creator of the Unix shell "sh." It is a command language interpreter derived from sh that can execute commands entered at a command prompt and process text file input.
Bash (bash) supports all the commands of the original Bourne shell (sh), as well as many others. It also includes features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell (csh), such as command line editing, command substitution syntax, and command history. Bash also supports "brace expansion," which is used to generate related text strings. This operation provides an efficient way to search for filenames and rename multiple files. Newer versions of Bash support regular expressions (Bash 3.0) and associative arrays (Bash 4.0).
Bash was originally developed by Brian Fox for the GNU Project and was released in 1989. The bash shell was initially distributed with the GNU operating system and later became the default shell for multiple Linux distributions and Mac OS X. Recent versions of Bash (versions 3 and 4) were developed by Chet Ramey and are currently published by the Free Software Foundation, the same organization that distributes the GNU operating system.
capitalized：大写
acronym ：首字母缩写
interpreter：口译
derived：驱动
prompt：提示
brace：支撑
expansion：扩张
Bash虽然通常不大写，但是是“ Bourne-Again Shell”的首字母缩写，并以Unix shell“ sh”的创建者Stephen Bourne的名字命名。它是从sh派生的命令语言解释器，可以执行在命令提示符下输入的命令并处理文本文件输入。
Bash（bash）支持原始Bourne shell（sh）的所有命令，以及许多其他命令。它还包括Korn shell（ksh）和C shell（csh）的功能，例如命令行编辑，命令替换语法和命令历史记录。 Bash还支持“支持扩展”，该扩展用于生成相关的文本字符串。此操作提供了一种搜索文件名并重命名多个文件的有效方法。较新版本的Bash支持正则表达式（Bash 3.0）和关联数组（Bash 4.0）。
Bash最初由Brian Fox为GNU项目开发，并于1989年发布。bash shell最初随GNU操作系统一起发行，后来成为多个Linux发行版和Mac OS X的默认shell。Bash的最新版本（版本3）和4）由Chet Ramey开发，目前由自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation）发行，后者是发行GNU操作系统的同一组织。
78、BASIC
Stands for "Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code." BASIC is a computer programming language that was developed in the mid-1960s to provide a way for students to write simple computer programs. Since then, the language has evolved into a more robust and powerful language and can be used to create advanced programs for today's computer systems.
BASIC originally used numbers at the beginning of each instruction (or line) to tell the computer what order to process the instructions. Lines would be numbered as 10, 20, 30, etc., which would allow additional instructions to be placed between commands later on if needed. "GOTO" statements enabled programs to loop back to earlier instructions during execution. For example, line 230 of a BASIC program may have an "if" clause that tells the computer to jump back to line 50 if a variable is less than 10. This instruction might look something like this:
230 IF (N < 10) THEN GOTO 50
More modern BASIC implementations use "while loops," which perform a series of instructions as long as a certain case is true. Newer BASIC development software also supports more data types, such as integers, strings, and arrays, for storing variables and other data. While the first BASIC development environments were strictly text-based, today's BASIC programming software allows developers to design much of their programs visually, using a graphical user interface. Some of the more popular BASIC development programs used today include REALbasic and Microsoft Visual Basic.
robust ：强大的
clause ：条款
代表“初学者的通用符号说明代码”。 BASIC是一种计算机编程语言，于1960年代中期开发，旨在为学生提供一种编写简单计算机程序的方式。从那时起，该语言就发展成为一种更强大，更强大的语言，可用于创建当今计算机系统的高级程序。
BASIC最初在每条指令（或每一行）的开头使用数字来告诉计算机处理指令的顺序。行将被编号为10、20、30等，这将允许稍后在需要时在命令之间放置其他指令。 “ GOTO”语句使程序在执行过程中可以循环回到较早的指令。例如，BASIC程序的第230行可能有一个“ if”子句，如果变量小于10，该子句告诉计算机跳回到第50行。此指令可能看起来像这样：
230如果（N <10）然后转到50
更现代的BASIC实现使用“ while循环”，只要满足特定情况，它就会执行一系列指令。较新的BASIC开发软件还支持更多数据类型，例如整数，字符串和数组，用于存储变量和其他数据。尽管第一个BASIC开发环境严格基于文本，但是今天的BASIC编程软件允许开发人员使用图形用户界面直观地设计其程序。今天使用的一些更流行的BASIC开发程序包括REALbasic和Microsoft Visual Basic。
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