计算机英语（2020/04/15）

不定期分享计算机相关英语短文，共一千多篇，涉及内容广泛，如3G、Adapter、Ajax、ASCII、Database等等、如果我能坚持下来的话差不多可以分享到2022年。词汇和短文翻译的比较粗糙，仅供参考，有错误请指正（文末有之前内容）：

Batch File
A batch file is a type of script that contains a list of commands. These commands are executed in sequence and can be used to automate processes. For example, some programs may include a batch file that executes a number of commands as the program starts up. A user can also create a custom batch file to automate tedious processes such as copying multiple directories or renaming several files at once.
Batch files are run by the COMMAND.COM program, which is part of DOS and Windows. Therefore, batch files can only be run within the Windows operating system. Macintosh and Unix have other scripting tools, such as AppleScript and Unix shell commands, that can be used for similar tasks. Because batch files contain executable commands, it is important not to open unknown batch files on your hard disk or in e-mail attachments.

批处理文件

批处理文件是一种包含命令列表的脚本类型。这些命令按顺序执行，可用于自动化流程。例如，一些程序可能包含一个批处理文件，该文件在程序启动时执行许多命令。用户还可以创建自定义批处理文件，以自动执行一些繁琐的过程，例如一次复制多个目录或重命名多个文件。

批处理文件由COMMAND.COM程序运行，该程序是DOS和Windows的一部分。因此，批处理文件只能在Windows操作系统中运行。Macintosh和Unix还有其他脚本工具，如AppleScript和Unixshell命令，可以用于类似的任务。因为批处理文件包含可执行命令，所以不要在硬盘或电子邮件附件中打开未知的批处理文件。

Batch Process

As most computer users know, some computing tasks can be tedious and repetitive. Fortunately, if a task is indeed repetitive, a batch process can be used to automate much of the work.
A batch process performs a list of commands in sequence. It be run by a computer’s operating system using a script or batch file, or may be executed within a program using a macro or internal scripting tool. For example, an accountant may create a script to open several financial programs at once, saving him the hassle of opening each program individually. This type of batch process would be executed by the operating system, such as Windows or the Mac OS. A Photoshop user, on the other hand, might use a batch process to modify several images at one time. For example, she might record an action within Photoshop that resizes and crops an image. Once the action has been recorded, she can batch process a folder of images, which will perform the action on all the images in the folder.
Batch processing can save time and energy by automating repetitive tasks. While it may take awhile to write the script or record the repetitive actions, doing it once is certainly better than having to do it many times.
hassle：麻烦
crops：裁剪，庄稼，一批人
macro ：宏，计算机·的一种抽象，用一系列预定义的规则替换一定文本的模式

批处理

正如大多数计算机用户所知道的，一些计算任务可能是乏味和重复的。幸运的是，如果任务确实是重复性的，那么可以使用批处理过程来自动化大部分工作。

批处理按顺序执行命令列表。它可以由计算机的操作系统使用脚本或批处理文件运行，也可以在程序中使用宏或内部脚本工具执行。例如，一个会计可以创建一个脚本来同时打开几个财务程序，这样就省去了单独打开每个程序的麻烦。此类批处理将由操作系统（如Windows或Mac OS）执行。另一方面，Photoshop用户可以使用批处理过程一次修改多个图像。例如，她可能会在Photoshop中录制一个调整图像大小并裁剪图像的操作。一旦该操作被记录下来，她就可以批量处理一个图像文件夹，该文件夹将对该文件夹中的所有图像执行该操作。

批处理通过自动化重复的任务可以节省时间和精力。虽然编写脚本或记录重复的动作可能需要一段时间，但一次完成肯定比多次完成要好。

Baud
Baud, or baud rate, is used to describe the maximum oscillation rate of an electronic signal. For example, if a signal changes (or could change) 1200 times in one second, it would be measured at 1200 baud. While the term was originally used to measure the rate of electronic pulses, it has also become a way to measure data transmission speeds of dial-up modems.
If a modem transfers a single bit per electronic pulse, one baud would be equal to one bit per second (bps). However, most modems transfer multiple bits per signal transition. For example, a 28.8 Kbps modem may send nine bits per second. Therefore, it would only require a baud rate of 2100 (28,800 / 9). 56K modems often use a baud rate of 8000. This means they send seven bits per signal transition, since 7 x 8000 = 56,000.
Modems typically select the most efficient baud rate automatically (sometimes called the “autobaud” setting). However, many dial-up modems allow you to override the default baud setting and manually enter the baud rate using a software interface. This can be useful if a dial-up ISP requires a specific baud rate for communication. However, reducing the baud rate of a modem may also reduce the maximum data transmission rate.

Baud rates above 8000 are not very reliable on analog telephone lines, which is why most modems do not offer higher baud settings. Additionally, at such a high baud rate, only seven bits can be sent consistently with each pulse, which is why dial-up modem speeds maxed out at 56 Kbps many years ago. Fortunately, newer technologies such as DSL and cable modems offer much faster data transfer rates. Since DSL and cable modems communicate over digital lines, baud rate is irrelevant to these devices.

波特

波特率，或称波特率，用来描述电子信号的最大振荡率。例如，如果一个信号在一秒钟内改变（或可能改变）1200次，它将以1200波特的速度测量。虽然这个术语最初是用来测量电子脉冲的速率，但它也已成为测量拨号调制解调器数据传输速度的一种方法。

如果调制解调器每电子脉冲传输一位，一波特等于每秒一位（bps）。然而，大多数调制解调器在每个信号转换时传输多个位。例如，28.8 Kbps调制解调器每秒可发送9位。因此，它只需要2100波特率（28800/9）。56K调制解调器通常使用8000的波特率。这意味着它们每信号转换发送7位，因为7 x 8000=56000。

调制解调器通常自动选择最有效的波特率（有时称为“autobaud”设置）。但是，许多拨号调制解调器允许您覆盖默认波特率设置，并使用软件接口手动输入波特率。如果拨号ISP需要特定的通信波特率，这可能很有用。然而，降低调制解调器的波特率也可能降低最大数据传输速率。

在模拟电话线路上，高于8000的波特率不是很可靠，这就是为什么大多数调制解调器不提供更高的波特率设置。另外，在如此高的波特率下，每个脉冲只能发送7位数据，这就是为什么拨号调制解调器的速度在很多年前达到了56kbps的最大值。幸运的是，较新的技术，如DSL和电缆调制解调器提供了更快的数据传输速率。由于DSL和电缆调制解调器通过数字线路进行通信，波特率与这些设备无关。