矢量分析与场论基础2
更多请见：矢量分析与场论基础1、矢量分析与场论基础3
3、梯度（标量场）
- 方向导数 = 梯度
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× 方向矢量
点 P 0 P_0 P0沿方向 e l → \overrightarrow{e_l} el的变化率（方向导数）： ∂ f ∂ l ∣ P 0 = lim Δ l → 0 Δ f Δ l \left.{\frac{{\partial f}}{{\partial l}}} \right|_{P_0} = \lim_{\Delta l \to 0}{\frac{\Delta f}{\Delta l}} ∂l∂f P0=limΔl→0ΔlΔf
∂ f ∂ l = G → ⋅ e l → = ( ∂ f ∂ x e x → + ∂ f ∂ y e y → + ∂ f ∂ z e z → ) ⋅ （ ∂ x ∂ l e x → + ∂ y ∂ l e y → + ∂ z ∂ l e z → ) = ( ∂ f ∂ x e x → + ∂ f ∂ y e y → + ∂ f ∂ z e z → ) ⋅ e l → \frac{\partial f}{\partial l} = \overrightarrow{G} · \overrightarrow{e_l} = (\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \overrightarrow{e_x} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \overrightarrow{e_y} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z}) · （\frac{\partial x}{\partial l} \overrightarrow{e_x} + \frac{\partial y}{\partial l} \overrightarrow{e_y} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial l} \overrightarrow{e_z}) = (\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \overrightarrow{e_x} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \overrightarrow{e_y} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z}) · \overrightarrow{e_l} ∂l∂f=G⋅el=(∂x∂fex+∂y∂fey+∂z∂fez)⋅（∂l∂xex+∂l∂yey+∂l∂zez)=(∂x∂fex+∂y∂fey+∂z∂fez)⋅el - 梯度：
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grad\:f = \overrightarrow{G} = \nabla f = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \overrightarrow{e_x} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \overrightarrow{e_y} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z}
gradf=G=∇f=∂x∂fex+∂y∂fey+∂z∂fez
- 梯度指向高点！！！负梯度指向最小！！！
- 哈密顿算子：
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- 直角： ∇ = ∂ ∂ x e x → + ∂ ∂ y e y → + ∂ ∂ z e z → \nabla = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \overrightarrow{e_x} + \frac{\partial }{\partial y} \overrightarrow{e_y} + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z} ∇=∂x∂ex+∂y∂ey+∂z∂ez
- 柱： ∇ = ∂ ∂ ρ e ρ → + ∂ ρ ∂ ϕ e ϕ → + ∂ ∂ z e z → \nabla = \frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial }{\rho \partial \phi} \overrightarrow{e_\phi} + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z} ∇=∂ρ∂eρ+ρ∂ϕ∂eϕ+∂z∂ez
- 球： ∇ = ∂ ∂ r e r → + ∂ r sin θ ∂ ϕ e ϕ → + ∂ r ∂ θ e θ → \nabla = \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \overrightarrow{e_r} + \frac{\partial }{r \sin{\theta} \partial \phi} \overrightarrow{e_\phi} + \frac{\partial}{r \partial \theta} \overrightarrow{e_\theta} ∇=∂r∂er+rsinθ∂ϕ∂eϕ+r∂θ∂eθ
4、散度（矢量场）
- 通量
ψ = ∮ S A → ⋅ d S → \psi = \oint_{S}^{} \overrightarrow{A} · d\overrightarrow{S} ψ=∮SA⋅dS
- 散度（通量体密度）（通量源）
d i v A → = ∇ ⋅ A → = lim Δ V → 0 ∮ S A → ⋅ d S → Δ V = ∂ A x ∂ x + ∂ A y ∂ y + ∂ A z ∂ z （直角） div \overrightarrow{A} = \nabla·\overrightarrow{A} = \lim_{\Delta V \to 0} \frac{\oint_{S}^{} \overrightarrow{A} · d\overrightarrow{S}}{\Delta V} = \frac{\partial{A_x}}{\partial{x}} + \frac{\partial{A_y}}{\partial{y}} + \frac{\partial{A_z}}{\partial{z}}（直角） divA=∇⋅A=ΔV→0limΔV∮SA⋅dS=∂x∂Ax+∂y∂Ay+∂z∂Az（直角）
\qquad
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\nabla·\overrightarrow{A} = \frac{\partial{A_x}}{\partial{x}} + \frac{\partial{A_y}}{\partial{y}} + \frac{\partial{A_z}}{\partial{z}}
∇⋅A=∂x∂Ax+∂y∂Ay+∂z∂Az
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\nabla·\overrightarrow{A} = \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial{(\rho A_\rho)}}{\partial{\rho}} + \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial{A_\phi}}{\partial{\phi}} + \frac{\partial{A_z}}{\partial{z}}
∇⋅A=ρ1∂ρ∂(ρAρ)+ρ1∂ϕ∂Aϕ+∂z∂Az
\qquad
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\nabla·\overrightarrow{A} = \frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\partial{(r^2 A_r)}}{\partial{r}} + \frac{1}{r\sin{\theta}} \frac{\partial{A_\phi}}{\partial{\phi}} + \frac{1}{r\sin{\theta}} \frac{\partial{(\sin{\theta} A_\theta)}}{\partial{\theta}}
∇⋅A=r21∂r∂(r2Ar)+rsinθ1∂ϕ∂Aϕ+rsinθ1∂θ∂(sinθAθ)
\qquad 柱坐标系下散度公式推导：
\qquad
可知：
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\nabla·\overrightarrow{A} = (\frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial }{\rho \partial \phi} \overrightarrow{e_\phi} + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z})·({A_\rho}\overrightarrow{e_\rho} + {A_\phi}\overrightarrow{e_\phi} + {A_z}\overrightarrow{e_z})
∇⋅A=(∂ρ∂eρ+ρ∂ϕ∂eϕ+∂z∂ez)⋅(Aρeρ+Aϕeϕ+Azez)
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\overrightarrow{e_\rho} = \overrightarrow{e_x} \cos(\phi) + \overrightarrow{e_y} \sin(\phi)、\overrightarrow{e_\phi} = -\overrightarrow{e_x} \sin(\phi) + \overrightarrow{e_y} \cos(\phi)
eρ=excos(ϕ)+eysin(ϕ)、eϕ=−exsin(ϕ)+eycos(ϕ)
\qquad
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\frac{\partial \overrightarrow{e_\rho}}{\partial \phi} = \overrightarrow{e_\phi}、\frac{\partial \overrightarrow{e_\phi}}{\partial \phi} = -\overrightarrow{e_\rho}
∂ϕ∂eρ=eϕ、∂ϕ∂eϕ=−eρ
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\nabla·\overrightarrow{A} = (\frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial }{\rho \partial \phi} \overrightarrow{e_\phi} + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z})·{A_\rho}\overrightarrow{e_\rho} + (\frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial }{\rho \partial \phi} \overrightarrow{e_\phi} + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z})·{A_\phi}\overrightarrow{e_\phi} + (\frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial }{\rho \partial \phi} \overrightarrow{e_\phi} + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z})·{A_z}\overrightarrow{e_z}
∇⋅A=(∂ρ∂eρ+ρ∂ϕ∂eϕ+∂z∂ez)⋅Aρeρ+(∂ρ∂eρ+ρ∂ϕ∂eϕ+∂z∂ez)⋅Aϕeϕ+(∂ρ∂eρ+ρ∂ϕ∂eϕ+∂z∂ez)⋅Azez
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(\frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial }{\rho \partial \phi} \overrightarrow{e_\phi} + \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \overrightarrow{e_z})·{A_\rho}\overrightarrow{e_\rho} = \frac{\partial({A_\rho}\overrightarrow{e_\rho})}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial({A_\rho}\overrightarrow{e_\rho}) }{\rho \partial \phi} \overrightarrow{e_\phi} = [\frac{\partial({A_\rho})}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} ·\overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial(\overrightarrow{e_\rho})}{\partial \rho} {A_\rho} ·\overrightarrow{e_\rho}] + [\frac{\partial({A_\rho}) }{\rho \partial \phi}\overrightarrow{e_\rho}· \overrightarrow{e_\phi} + \frac{\partial(\overrightarrow{e_\rho}) }{\rho \partial \phi} {A_\rho}· \overrightarrow{e_\phi}] = \frac{\partial({A_\rho})}{\partial \rho} \overrightarrow{e_\rho} ·\overrightarrow{e_\rho} + \frac{\partial(\overrightarrow{e_\rho}) }{\rho \partial \phi} {A_\rho}· \overrightarrow{e_\phi} = \frac{\partial{A_\rho}}{\partial \rho} + \frac{A_\rho}{\rho} = \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial(\rho A_\rho)}{\partial \rho}
(∂ρ∂eρ+ρ∂ϕ∂eϕ+∂z∂ez)⋅Aρeρ=∂ρ∂(Aρeρ)eρ+ρ∂ϕ∂(Aρeρ)eϕ=[∂ρ∂(Aρ)eρ⋅eρ+∂ρ∂(eρ)Aρ⋅eρ]+[ρ∂ϕ∂(Aρ)eρ⋅eϕ+ρ∂ϕ∂(eρ)Aρ⋅eϕ]=∂ρ∂(Aρ)eρ⋅eρ+ρ∂ϕ∂(eρ)Aρ⋅eϕ=∂ρ∂Aρ+ρAρ=ρ1∂ρ∂(ρAρ)
\qquad
其他同理可得！
- 散度定理（Gauss 定理）
∮ S A → ⋅ d S → = ∫ V ∇ ⋅ A → d V \oint_{S}^{} \overrightarrow{A} · d\overrightarrow{S} = \int_{V}^{} \nabla·\overrightarrow{A} dV ∮SA⋅dS=∫V∇⋅AdV
\qquad 容易理解，散度即为通量体密度，故通量为散度对体积的积分
- 拉普拉斯算子： ∇ 2 \nabla^2 ∇2
∇ 2 f = ∇ ⋅ ( ∇ f ) \nabla^2 f = \nabla·(\nabla f) ∇2f=∇⋅(∇f)
\qquad 对梯度作散度运算，直角： ∇ 2 f = ∂ 2 f ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 f ∂ y 2 + ∂ 2 f ∂ z 2 \nabla^2 f = \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial z^2} ∇2f=∂x2∂2f+∂y2∂2f+∂z2∂2f
- 格林公式
\qquad 设 ψ 、 φ \psi、\varphi ψ、φ是具有二阶连续导数的标量函数，令矢量 A → = ψ ∇ φ \overrightarrow{A} = \psi \nabla \varphi A=ψ∇φ，运用散度定理得到格林第一公式：
∮ S ( ψ ∇ φ ) ⋅ d S → = ∫ V ( ψ ∇ 2 φ + ∇ ψ ⋅ ∇ φ ) d V \oint_{S}^{} (\psi \nabla \varphi) · d \overrightarrow{S} = \int_{V}^{} (\psi \nabla^2 \varphi + \nabla \psi · \nabla \varphi) dV ∮S(ψ∇φ)⋅dS=∫V(ψ∇2φ+∇ψ⋅∇φ)dV
\qquad 令矢量 B → = φ ∇ ψ \overrightarrow{B} = \varphi \nabla \psi B=φ∇ψ，两者第一格林公式相减可得格林第二公式：
∮ S ( ψ ∇ φ − φ ∇ ψ ) ⋅ d S → = ∫ V ( ψ ∇ 2 φ − φ ∇ 2 ψ ) d V \oint_{S}^{} (\psi \nabla \varphi - \varphi \nabla \psi) · d \overrightarrow{S} = \int_{V}^{} (\psi \nabla^2 \varphi - \varphi \nabla^2 \psi) dV ∮S(ψ∇φ−φ∇ψ)⋅dS=∫V(ψ∇2φ−φ∇2ψ)dV
\qquad 格林公式把标量函数的不同微分的不同重积分联系起来了
5、旋度（矢量场）
- 环量
Γ = ∮ l A → ⋅ d l → \varGamma = \oint_{l}^{} \overrightarrow{A} · d\overrightarrow{l} Γ=∮lA⋅dl
- 旋度（最大 环量体密度）（旋涡源）
r o t A → = ∇ × A → = e n → lim Δ S → 0 [ ∮ l A → ⋅ d l → Δ S ] ∣ m a x = ∣ e x → e y → e z → ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ y ∂ ∂ z A x A y A z ∣ ( 直角 ) rot \overrightarrow{A} = \nabla \times \overrightarrow{A} = \overrightarrow{e_n} \lim_{\Delta S \to 0} \left[\frac{\oint_{l}^{} \overrightarrow{A} · d\overrightarrow{l}}{\Delta S} \right] \Bigg \vert_{max} = {\begin{vmatrix} \overrightarrow{e_x} & \overrightarrow{e_y} & \overrightarrow{e_z} \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ A_x & A_y & A_z \end{vmatrix}}(直角) rotA=∇×A=enΔS→0lim ΔS∮lA⋅dl max= ex∂x∂Axey∂y∂Ayez∂z∂Az (直角)
- 散度定理（Stokes 定理）
∮ l A → ⋅ d l → = ∫ S ( ∇ × A → ) ⋅ d S → \oint_{l}^{} \overrightarrow{A} · d\overrightarrow{l} = \int_{S}^{} (\nabla \times \overrightarrow{A})· d\overrightarrow{S} ∮lA⋅dl=∫S(∇×A)⋅dS
\qquad 容易理解，旋度即为环量密度，故环量为旋度对面积的积分
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