第3章——数学运算、字符串、文本、列表

第3章——数学运算、字符串、文本、列表

1.字典

字典（Dictionary）是Python 中的另一种数据结构。字典（也叫 dict）是一种和列表类似的数据存储方式。但是不同于列表只能用数字获取数据，字典可以用任何东西来获取。可以把字典当成是一个存储和组织数据的数据库。

注：键值对在字典中以这样的方式标记：d = {key1 : value1, key2 : value2 }。注意它们的键/值对用冒号分割，而各个对用逗号分割，所有这些都包括在花括号中。另外，记住字典中的键/值对是没有顺序的。如果你想要一个特定的顺序，那么你应该在使用前自己对它们排序。

states = {
       'Oregon': 'OR',
       'Florida': 'FL',
       'California': 'CA',
       'New York': 'NY',
       'Michigan': 'MI'
   }

  # create a basic set of states and some cities in them
cities = {
     'CA': 'San Francisco',
     'MI': 'Detroit',
     'FL': 'Jacksonville'
    }

# add some more cities  ,添加列表成员
cities['NY'] = 'New York'
cities['OR'] = 'Portland'

  # print out some cities，输出城市名
print('-' * 10)
print("NY State has: ", cities['NY'])
print("OR State has: ", cities['OR'])

  # print some states，输出州名
print('-' * 10)
print("Michigan's abbreviation is: ", states['Michigan'])
print("Florida's abbreviation is: ", states['Florida'])

  # do it by using the state then cities dict ，输出州的缩写输出城市的所在的州
print('-' * 10)
print("Michigan has: ", cities[states['Michigan']])
print("Florida has: ", cities[states['Florida']])

  # print every state abbreviation，输出每一个州的缩写
print('-' * 10)
for state, abbrev in list(states.items()):
    print(f"{state} is abbreviated {abbrev}")

# print every city in state，输出州所含的城市
print('-' * 10)
for abbrev, city in list(cities.items()):
      print(f"{abbrev} has the city {city}")

# now do both at the same time
print('-' * 10)
for state, abbrev in list(states.items()):
    print(f"{state} state is abbreviated {abbrev}")
print(f"and has city {cities[abbrev]}")

print('-' * 10)
# safely get a abbreviation by state that might not be there
state = states.get('Texas')

if not state:
      print("Sorry, no Texas.")
# get a city with a default value
city = cities.get('TX', 'Does Not Exist')
print(f"The city for the state 'TX' is: {city}")

下面是程序运行结果

NY State has:  New York
OR State has:  Portland
----------
Michigan's abbreviation is:  MI
Florida's abbreviation is:  FL
----------
Michigan has:  Detroit
Florida has:  Jacksonville
----------
Oregon is abbreviated OR
Florida is abbreviated FL
California is abbreviated CA
New York is abbreviated NY
Michigan is abbreviated MI
----------
CA has the city San Francisco
MI has the city Detroit
FL has the city Jacksonville
NY has the city New York
OR has the city Portland
----------
Oregon state is abbreviated OR
Florida state is abbreviated FL
California state is abbreviated CA
New York state is abbreviated NY
Michigan state is abbreviated MI
and has city Detroit
----------
Sorry, no Texas.
The city for the state 'TX' is: Does Not Exist

这个例子是如何把州名和它们的缩写以及州的缩写和城市映射（mapping）起来的，记住，“映射”或者说“关联”（associate）是字典的核心理念。

2.元组

元组是另一个数据类型，类似于 List（列表）。

元组用 () 标识。内部元素用逗号隔开。但是元组不能二次赋值，相当于只读列表。

tuple = ( 'runoob', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )
tinytuple = (123, 'john')
 
print(tuple)               # 输出完整元组
print(tuple[0])             # 输出元组的第一个元素
print(tuple[1:3])           # 输出第二个至第四个（不包含）的元素 
print(tuple[2:])            # 输出从第三个开始至列表末尾的所有元素
print(tinytuple * 2)        # 输出元组两次
print(tuple + tinytuple)    # 打印组合的元组

以下是元组无效的，因为元组是不允许更新的。而列表是允许更新的：

tuple = ( 'runoob', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )
list = [ 'runoob', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]
tuple[2] = 1000    # 元组中是非法应用
list[2] = 1000     # 列表中是合法应用

3.布尔类型

在python表述的语法是,不再赘述

• and
• or
• not
• != （不等于）
• == （等于）
• >= （大于等于）
• <= （小于等于）
• True
• False

4.读写文件

• close - 关闭文件，就像编辑器中的 “文件->另存为”一样。
• read - 读取文件内容。你可以把读取结果赋给一个变量。
• readline - 只读取文本文件的一行内容。
• truncate - 清空文件。清空的时候要当心。
• write(‘stuff’) - 给文件写入一些“东西”。
• seek(0) - 把读/写的位置移到文件最开头。

通过上述命令我们可以一个小小的编辑器：

from sys import argv

script, filename = argv

print(f"We're going to erase {filename}.")
print("If you don't want that, hit CTRL-C (^C).")
print("If you do want that, hit RETURN.")

input("?")

print("Opening the file...")
target = open(filename, 'w') #读写模式:r只读,r+读写,w新建(会覆盖原有文件),a追加,b二进制文件.常用模式

print("Truncating the file. Goodbye!")
target.truncate() #清空文档，慎用


print("Now I'm going to ask you for three lines.")
line1 = input("line 1:") #写入文档
line2 = input("line 2:")
line3 = input("line 3:")

print("I'm going to write these to the file.")
target.write(line1)
target.write("\n")
target.write(line2)
target.write("\n")
target.write(line3)
target.write("\n")

print("And finally, we close it.")
target.close()

需要在运行之前设置文件名，也就是传参

运行结果如下：

同时，在本项目文件的目录下生成文件text1.txt