The Full-Wave Rectifier（全波整流器）

Although the half wave rectifier is used in some low power applications such as signal and peak detector, it is seldom used in power rectification. The most used rectifier in the power rectification field is the full wave rectifier.

The full wave rectifier is more complex than the half wave rectifier, but it offers some significant benefits. It uses both half cycles of the sine wave resulting in a DC output voltage that is higher than that of the half wave rectifier. Another advantage is that the output has much less ripples, which makes it easier to produce a smooth output waveform.

[!NOTE]

虽然半波整流器用于一些低功率应用，例如信号和峰值检测器，但它很少用于电源整流。电源整流领域最常用的整流器是全波整流器。

全波整流器比半波整流器更复杂，但它具有一些显着的优点。它使用正弦波的两个半周期，从而产生高于半波整流器的直流输出电压。另一个优点是输出纹波少得多，这使得更容易产生平滑的输出波形。

The Full-Wave Rectifier（全波整流器）

To rectify both half cycles of a sine wave, the full-wave rectifier uses two diodes, one for each half of the cycle. It also uses a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

The full-wave rectifier is like two back-to-back half-wave rectifiers. Following image shows a Full-wave rectifier circuit.

[!NOTE]

为了对正弦波的两个半周期进行整流，全波整流器使用两个二极管，每半个周期一个二极管。它还使用具有中心抽头二次绕组的变压器。

全波整流器就像两个背对背的半波整流器。下图所示为全波整流电路。

This circuit’s operation is easily understood one half-cycle at a time.

Consider the first half-cycle, when point A is positive with respect to C. At this time, D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased. Therefore, only the top half of the transformer’s secondary winding carries current during this half-cycle. This produces a positive load voltage across the load resistor.

[!NOTE]

该电路的工作原理很容易理解，每次只看一个半周期。

考虑第一个半周期，此时 A 点相对于 C 为正。此时，D1 正向偏置，D2 反向偏置。因此，在此半周期内，只有变压器次级绕组的上半部分承载电流。这在负载电阻上产生正负载电压。

During the next half-cycle, the source voltage polarity reverses. Now, point B is positive with respect to C. This time, D2 is forward biased and D1 is reverse biased. As you can see, only the other half of the transformer’s secondary winding carry current. This also produces a positive load voltage across the load resistor as before.

[!NOTE]

在下一个半周期内，源电压极性反转。现在，点 B 相对于 C 为正。此时，D2 正向偏置，而 D1 反向偏置。如你所见，只有变压器次级绕组的另一半承载电流。与前面一样，这也会在负载电阻器上产生正负载电压。

As a result, the rectified load current flows during both half-cycles due to which we get Full-wave signal across the load.

[!NOTE]

因此，整流后的负载电流在两个半周期内流动，因此我们在负载上获得全波信号。

DC Value of a Full-Wave Signal（全波信号的直流电压值）

Since the full-wave rectifier produces an output during both half-cycles, it has twice as many positive cycles as the half-wave signal. As a result the DC or average value is also twice as much:

[!NOTE]

由于全波整流器在两个半周期期间都有产生输出，因此它的正周期数是半波信号的两倍。因此，直流或平均值也是其两倍：

The average value of the signal over one cycle is calculated with the below formula:

[!NOTE]

一个周期内信号的平均值按下式计算：

$$\begin{gathered} V_{dc}=\frac{2V_p}{\pi } \\ {V}_{dc}\approx 0.636V_p\left(\text{Since }\frac{2}{\pi }\approx 0.636\right) \end{gathered}$$

This equation tells us that the DC value of a full-wave signal is about 63.6% of the peak value. For example, if the peak voltage of the full-wave signal is 10V, the DC voltage will be 6.36V.

[!NOTE]

这个公式告诉我们，全波信号的直流值约为峰值的 63.6%。例如，如果全波信号的峰值电压为 10V，则直流电压为 6.36V。

[!NOTE]

When you measure the full-wave signal with a DC voltmeter, the reading will equal the average DC value.

当您使用直流电压表测量全波信号时，读数将等于平均直流值。

A Second-order Approximation（二价逼近）

In reality, we do not get a perfect full-wave voltage across the load resistor.

Because of the barrier potential, the diode does not turn on until the source voltage reaches about 0.7V. So, the output voltage is 0.7V lower than the ideal peak output voltage.

[!NOTE]

实际上，我们无法在负载电阻上获得完美的全波电压。

由于势垒电位，二极管直到源电压达到约 0.7V 时才会导通。因此，输出电压比理想峰值输出电压低 0.7V。

Output Frequency（输出频率）

The full-wave rectifier inverts each negative half cycle, doubling the number of positive half cycles. Because of this, full-wave output has twice as many cycles as the input.

Therefore the frequency of the full-wave signal is double the input frequency.

[!NOTE]

全波整流器将每个负半周期反转，使正半周期的数量加倍。因此，全波输出的周期数量是输入的两倍。

因此全波信号的频率为输入频率的两倍。

$$f_{out}=2f_{in}$$

For example, if the line frequency is 60Hz, the output frequency will be 120Hz.

[!NOTE]

例如，如果线路频率为 60Hz，则输出频率将为 120Hz。

Filtering the Output of a Rectifier（滤波整流器的输出）

The output we get from a full-wave rectifier is a pulsating DC voltage that increases to a maximum and then decreases to zero.

We do not need this kind of DC voltage. What we need is a steady and constant DC voltage, free of any voltage variation or ripple, as we get from the battery.

To obtain such a voltage, we need to filter the full-wave signal. One way to do this is to connect a capacitor, known as a smoothing capacitor, across the load resistor as shown below.

[!NOTE]

全波整流器的输出是脉动直流电压，它先增加到最大值，然后减小到零。

我们不需要这种直流电压。我们需要的是稳定恒定的直流电压，没有任何电压变化或纹波，就像我们从电池中获得的一样。

为了获得这样的电压，我们需要对全波信号进行滤波。一种方法是将一个电容（称为平滑电容）连接到负载电阻上，如下图所示。

Initially, the capacitor is uncharged. During the first quarter-cycle, the diode D1 is forward biased, so the capacitor starts charging. The charging continues until the input reaches its peak value. At this point, the capacitor voltage equals Vp.

After the input voltage reaches its peak, it begins to decrease. As soon as the input voltage is less than Vp, the voltage across the capacitor exceeds the input voltage which turns off the diode.

As the diode is off, the capacitor discharges through the load resistor and supplies the load current, until the next peak is arrived.

When the next peak arrives, the diode D2 conducts briefly and recharges the capacitor to the peak value.

[!NOTE]

最初，电容器未充电。在第一个四分之一周期内，二极管 D1 正向偏置，因此电容器开始充电。充电持续到输入达到峰值。此时，电容电压等于Vp。

输入电压达到峰值后开始下降。一旦输入电压低于 Vp，电容两端的电压就会超过输入电压，从而使二极管关断。

当二极管关断时，电容通过负载电阻放电并提供负载电流，直到下一个峰值到来。

当下一个峰值到来时，二极管 D2 短暂导通并将电容重新充电至峰值。

Disadvantages（缺点）

One of the disadvantages of this center-tapped full-wave rectifier design is the necessity of a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding. In high-power rectification, however, the cost and size of such transformers increase substantially. That’s why, the center-tap rectifier design is only seen in low-power applications.

Another disadvantage is that because of the center tap, only half of the secondary voltage is used for rectification.

To overcome these disadvantages four diodes are connected together in a “bridge” configuration to produce a Full Wave Bridge Rectifier as discussed in the next tutorial.

[!NOTE]

这种中心抽头全波整流器设计的缺点之一是需要具有中心抽头次级绕组的变压器。然而，在高功率整流中，这种变压器的成本和尺寸会大幅增加。这就是为什么中心抽头整流器设计只出现在低功率应用中。

另一个缺点是由于中心抽头，只有一半的次级电压用于整流。

为了克服这些缺点，四个二极管以 “桥接” 的方式连接在一起，以产生全波桥式整流器，下一个教程中会描述。