The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier（全波桥式整流器）

Another, more popular full-wave rectifier design exists and is built around a four-diode bridge configuration. It is known as a Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier or simply Bridge Rectifier.

The advantage of this type of design over the center-tapped version is that it does not require a special center-tapped transformer which drastically reduces its size and cost.

Also this design uses entire secondary voltage as the input to the rectifier. Given the same transformer, we get twice as much peak voltage and twice as much dc voltage with a bridge rectifier as with a center-tapped full-wave rectifier.

That is why bridge rectifiers are used much more than full-wave rectifiers.

[!NOTE]

还有另一种更流行的全波整流器设计，它基于四个二极管桥配置。它被称为全波桥式整流器或简称为桥式整流器。

这种设计相对于中心抽头版本的优势在于它不需要特殊的中心抽头变压器，从而大大降低了其尺寸和成本。

此外，这种设计使用整个次级电压作为整流器的输入。给定相同的变压器，使用桥式整流器获得的峰值电压和直流电压是使用中心抽头全波整流器的两倍。

这就是桥式整流器比全波整流器使用得多的原因。

The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier（全波桥式整流器）

To rectify both half-cycles of a sine wave, the bridge rectifier uses four diodes, connected together in a “bridge” configuration. The secondary winding of the transformer is connected on one side of the diode bridge network and the load on the other side.

Following image shows a bridge rectifier circuit.

[!NOTE]

为了整流正弦波的两个半周期，桥式整流器使用四个二极管，以 “桥式” 配置连接在一起。变压器的次级绕组连接在二极管桥式网的一侧，负载连接在另一侧。

下图为桥式整流电路。

This circuit’s operation is easily understood one half-cycle at a time.

During positive half cycle of the source, diodes D1 and D2 conduct while D3 and D4 are reverse biased. This produces a positive load voltage across the load resistor (note the plus-minus polarity across the load resistor).

[!NOTE]

该电路的工作原理很容易理解，每次只看一个半周期。

在电源的正半周期，二极管 D1 和 D2 导通，而 D3 和 D4 反向偏置。这会在负载电阻器上产生正负载电压（注意负载电阻器上的正负极性）。

During the next half-cycle, the source voltage polarity reverses. Now, D3 and D4 are forward biased while D1 and D2 are reverse biased. This also produces a positive load voltage across the load resistor as before.

[!NOTE]

在下一个半周期内，源电压极性反转。现在，D3 和 D4 正向偏置，而 D1 和 D2 反向偏置。这也会像前面一样在负载电阻上产生正负载电压。

Note that regardless of the polarity of the input, the load voltage has the same polarity and the load current is in the same direction.

In this way the circuit converts the AC input voltage to the pulsating DC output voltage.

[!NOTE]

请注意，无论输入极性如何，负载电压都具有相同的极性，负载电流的方向也相同。

通过这种方式，电路将交流输入电压转换为脉动直流输出电压。

[!NOTE]

If it is frustrating for you to remember the proper layout of the diode in a bridge rectifier circuit, you can refer to an alternative representation of the circuit. This is exactly the same circuit except all diodes are horizontal and point in the same direction.

如果您很难记住桥式整流电路中二极管的正确布局，您可以参考该电路的另一种表示形式。这是完全相同的电路，只是所有二极管都是水平的并且指向同一方向。

DC Value of a Full-Wave Signal（全波信号的直流电压值）

Because a bridge rectifier produces a full-wave output, the formula for calculating average DC value is the same as that given for the full-wave rectifier:

[!NOTE]

由于桥式整流器产生全波输出，因此计算平均直流值的公式与全波整流器的公式相同：

$$\begin{gathered} V_{dc}=\frac{2V_p}{\pi } \\ {V}_{dc}\approx 0.636V_p\left(\text{Since }\frac{2}{\pi }\approx 0.636\right) \end{gathered}$$

This equation tells us that the DC value of a full-wave signal is about 63.6 percent of the peak value. For example, if the peak voltage of the full-wave signal is 10V, the dc voltage will be 6.36V.

[!NOTE]

该公式告诉我们，全波信号的直流值约为峰值的 63.6%。例如，如果全波信号的峰值电压为 10V，则直流电压为 6.36V。

[!NOTE]

When you measure the half-wave signal with a DC voltmeter, the reading will equal the average DC value.

当你使用直流电压表测量半波信号时，读数将等于平均直流值。

A Second-order Approximation（二价逼近）

In reality, we do not get a perfect full-wave voltage across the load resistor. Because of the barrier potential, the diode does not turn on until the source voltage reaches about 0.7V.

And as the bridge rectifier operates two diodes at a time, two diode drops (0.7 * 2 = 1.4V) of the source voltage are lost in the diode. So the peak output voltage is given by:

[!NOTE]

实际上，我们无法在负载电阻上获得完美的全波电压。由于势垒电位的存在，二极管直到源电压达到约 0.7V 时才会导通。

由于桥式整流器一次操作两个二极管，因此源电压的两个二极管压降（0.7 * 2 = 1.4V）会损失在二极管中。因此，峰值输出电压有以下公式：

$$V_{p(out)}=V_{p(in)}-1.4V$$

Output Frequency（输出频率）

The full-wave rectifier inverts each negative half cycle, doubling the number of positive half cycles. Because of this, full-wave output has twice as many cycles as the input.

Therefore the frequency of the full-wave signal is double the input frequency.

[!NOTE]

全波整流器将每个负半周期反转，使正半周期的数量加倍。因此，全波输出的周期数量是输入的两倍。

因此全波信号的频率为输入频率的两倍。

$$f_{out}=2f_{in}$$

For example, if the line frequency is 60Hz, the output frequency will be 120Hz.

[!NOTE]

例如，如果线路频率为 60Hz，则输出频率将为 120Hz。

Filtering the Output of a Rectifier（滤波整流器的输出）

The output we get from a full-wave rectifier is a pulsating DC voltage that increases to a maximum and then decreases to zero.

We do not need this kind of DC voltage. What we need is a steady and constant DC voltage, free of any voltage variation or ripple, as we get from the battery.

To obtain such a voltage, we need to filter the full-wave signal. One way to do this is to connect a capacitor, known as a smoothing capacitor, across the load resistor as shown below.

[!NOTE]

全波整流器的输出是脉动直流电压，它先增加到最大值，然后减小到零。

我们不需要这种直流电压。我们需要的是稳定恒定的直流电压，没有任何电压变化或纹波，就像我们从电池中获得的一样。

为了获得这样的电压，我们需要对全波信号进行滤波。一种方法是将一个电容（称为平滑电容）连接到负载电阻上，如下图所示。

Initially, the capacitor is uncharged. During the first quarter-cycle, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased, so the capacitor starts charging. The charging continues until the input reaches its peak value. At this point, the capacitor voltage equals Vp.

After the input voltage reaches its peak, it begins to decrease. As soon as the input voltage is less than Vp, the voltage across the capacitor exceeds the input voltage which turns off the diodes.

As the diodes are off, the capacitor discharges through the load resistor and supplies the load current, until the next peak is arrived.

When the next peak arrives, diodes D3 and D4 conduct briefly and recharges the capacitor to the peak value.

[!NOTE]

最初，电容器未充电。在第一个四分之一周期内，二极管 D1 和 D2 正向偏置，因此电容器开始充电。充电持续到输入达到峰值。此时，电容电压等于Vp。

输入电压达到峰值后开始下降。一旦输入电压低于 Vp，电容两端的电压就会超过输入电压，从而使二极管关断。

当二极管关断时，电容通过负载电阻放电并提供负载电流，直到下一个峰值到来。

当下一个峰值到来时，二极管 D3 和 D4 短暂导通并将电容重新充电至峰值。

Disadvantage（缺点）

The only disadvantage of the bridge rectifier is that the output voltage is two diode drops (1.4V) less than the input voltage.

This disadvantage is only a problem in very low voltage power supplies. For instance, if the peak source voltage is only 5V, the load voltage will have a peak of only 3.6V. But if the peak source voltage is 100 V, the load voltage will be close to a perfect full-wave voltage (the diode drops are negligible).

[!NOTE]

桥式整流器的唯一缺点是输出电压比输入电压低两个二极管压降（1.4V）。

此缺点仅在极低电压电源中才会出现问题。例如，如果峰值源电压仅为 5V，则负载电压的峰值仅为 3.6V。但如果峰值源电压为 100 V，则负载电压将接近完美的全波电压（二极管压降可忽略不计）。