计算机网络复习

LAN local area network

MAN metropolitan area network

PAN personal area network

WAN wide area network

VLAN virtual local area network

OSI/RM open system interconnection reference model

UTP unshielded twisted pair非屏蔽双绞线

SNR signal-noise ratio

FDM frequency division multiplexing

TDM time division multiplexing

WDM wavelength division multiplexing

CDMA code division multiple access

CSMA/CD 载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测 carrier sense multiple access/collision detection

CSMA/CA载波监听多点接入/碰撞避免 carrier sense multiple access/collision detection/collision avoidance

RTS request to send

CTS clear to send请求发送

MAC media access control媒体访问控制

PCM pulse code modulation 脉冲编码调制

QAM quadrature amplitude modulation正交振幅调制

QPSK quadrature phase shift keying正交相移键控

ADSL asymmetric digital subsciber line 非对称数字用户线

CRC cyclic redundancy  check 循环冗余校验

VC virtual circuit

ATM asynchronous transfer mode异步传输模式

PPP point to point protocol

HLDC high-level data link control

RIP routing information protocol路由信息协议

RTT round-trip time 往返时延

CIDR classless inter-domain routing 无类别域间路由

IP internet protocol 网际协议

TTL time to live 生存时间

MTU maximum transmission unit最大传输单元

ICMP internet control message protocol

UDP user datagram protocol

ARP address resolution protocol地址解析协议

DHCP dynamic host configuration protocol动态主机设置协议

NAT network address translation 网络地址转换

RPC remote procedure call 远程过程调用

OSPF open shortest path first开放式最短路径优先

BGP border gateway protocol 边界网关协议

TCP transmission control protocol

RTP real-time transport protocol实时传输协议

FTP file transfer protocol 

SMTP simple mail transfer protocol 

POP3 post office protocol- version 3邮局协议版本3

IMAP internet message access protocol交互式数据信息访问协议

DNS domain name system域名系统

URL uniform resource locator统一资源定位符

HTTP hypertext transfer protocol超文本传输协议

WWW world wide web万维网

Describe the main steps of CSMA/CD.

描述CSMA/CD的主要步骤。

Answer:  CSMA/CD is a time-slotted MAC protocol. Every station does the following:

1.When a station has data to send, it first listens to the channel to see if anyone else is transmitting at that moment. If the channel is busy, the station waits until it becomes idle. This takes at least one time slot.

2. When the station detects an idle channel, it transmits a frame. While transmitting, the station keeps listening to the channel (receiving signals from the channel and comparing the received signal to the transmitted signal) to see whether it has seized the channel or not. If after one time slot, there is no collision (i.e. this station has seized the channel), it keeps transmitting its frame.

3.If a collision occurs(i.e. the station receives a signal different from what it transmits, since another station sends signals in the channel), the station stops at once. 

4. Once collision occurs, the station waits a random amount of time and starts all over again. Waiting time is 0~2^n-1 time slots, n=1~10 and n is the collision times(次数).

答：CSMA是一种时间间隔的MAC协议。每个站执行以下操作：

1、当一个站有数据发送时，它首先监听频道，看看是否有其他人在这时发送信息。如果信道忙，则该站等待直到空闲为止。这至少需要一个时隙。

2。当检测到空闲信道时，它发送帧。在发送时，站不断侦听信道（从信道接收信号，并将接收信号与发送信号进行比较），以确定信道是否已捕获信道。如果在一个时隙之后，没有碰撞（也就是这个站抓住了信道），它就不断地传输帧。

3、如果发生碰撞（即站接收到的信号与它所传输的信号不同，因为另一个站在通道中发送信号），该站立即停止。

4。一旦发生碰撞，站等待一个随机的时间，并重新开始。等待时间为0 ~ 2 ^ N-1个时隙，n = 1 ~ 10是碰撞次数（次数）。

暴露站隐藏站问题

There are exposed terminal problem and hidden terminal problems in wireless LAN.  In the case of Figure 4-1, which are exposed terminals?  Which are hidden terminals?

无线局域网中存在终端问题和隐藏终端问题。在图4-1的情况下，哪些是暴露的终端？哪些是隐藏终端？

隐藏站问题

其中B在C的无线电波范围内，但A不在C的无线电波范围内。此时C正在向B传送数据，而A也试图向B传送数据。此时，A不能够监听到B正在忙（因为A在监听信道的时候什么也听不到，所以它会错误的认为此时可以向B传送数据了）。如果A向B传送数据，则将导致错误。此即隐藏站问题。其中C是A的隐藏站。
暴露站问题

其中B在A的无线电波范围内，但C不在A的无线电波范围内。此时A正在传送数据（向除B以外的某通信站），而B希望给C发送数据，但是错误地认为该传送过程将会失败（因为B会监听到一次传输，所以它会错误地认为此时不能向C发送数据）。此即暴露站问题。其中A是B的暴露站

 When B sends to A while C sends to D, B and C are exposed stations.

If A wants to send to B and C wants to send to B at the same time, C is the hidden station for A, and vice versa. Similarly, when B and D transmit to C at the same time, B and D are hidden stations

当B发送到A，C发送到D，B和C是暴露的站。

如果A想发送给B，C想同时发送给B，C是A的隐藏站，反之亦然。同样，当B和D同时发送到C时，B和D是隐藏站。

What is the hidden station problem?

隐藏站问题是什么？

 In wireless LAN, consider the figure below, where four wireless stations are illustrated. For our purposes, it does not matter which are base stations and which are notebooks. The radio range is such that A and B are within each other's range and can potentially interfere with one another. C can also potentially interfere with both B and D, but not with A.

在无线LAN中，考虑下面的图，其中示出了四个无线站。出于我们的目的，无论是基站还是笔记本都无所谓。无线电范围使得A和B在彼此的范围内，并且可能相互干扰。C也可能干扰B和D，但不干扰A。

If C senses the medium, it will not hear A because A is out of range, and thus falsely conclude that it can transmit to B. If C does start transmitting, it will interfere at B, wiping out the frame from A. The problem of a station not being able to detect a potential competitor for the medium because the competitor is too far away is called the hidden station problem.

如果C感测到媒体，它将不会听到A，因为A超出了范围，因此错误地断定它可以传送到B。如果C确实开始传送，它将在B处干扰，从A中擦除帧。一个站不能检测到该媒体的潜在竞争者的问题。竞争对手太遥远，被称为隐藏站问题。

Why do we need MAC protocols in LANs？

为什么我们需要局域网中的MAC协议？

MAC protocols are especially important in LANs, many of which using broadcast channels. Broadcast channel is shared by all the machines on the network. In a broadcast network, messages sent by any machine are received by all the others but messages sent simultaneously by more than one machine will form chaos for any receiver. Therefore, the key issue is how to determine who gets to use the channel when there is competition for it. That is the task of MAC protocols.

MAC协议在LAN中尤其重要，其中许多使用广播信道。广播信道由网络上的所有机器共享。在广播网络中，任何机器发送的消息都由所有其他机器接收，但是由多台机器同时发送的消息将形成任何接收器的混沌。因此，当存在竞争时，关键问题是如何确定谁可以使用该通道。这是MAC协议的任务。

We have studied many channel allocation methods. 

The static allocation schemes are FDM, WDM, TDM and CDMA. We have also studied a number of dynamic algorithms as MAC protocols , including ALOHA,CSMA,CSMA/CD, bit map, binary countdown, tree walk

静态分配方案是FDM、WDM、TDM和CDMA。我们还研究了一些作为MAC协议的动态算法，包括ALOHA、CSMA、CSMA/CD、位图、二进制倒计时、树形遍历。

 main steps of the link state routing algorithm and the contents of the information packets exchanged among the routers.

请描述链路状态路由算法的主要步骤和在路由器之间交换的信息包的内容。

What is the main difference between UDP and TCP.

The first protocol, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the Internet.

The second protocol, UDP (User Datagram Protocol), is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for applications that do not want TCP's sequencing or flow control and wish to provide their own.

第一种协议TCP（传输控制协议）是一种可靠的面向连接的协议，它允许源自一台机器的字节流在因特网上的任何其他机器上无错误地传送。

第二种协议UDP（用户数据报协议）是不可靠的、无连接的协议，用于不希望TCP的顺序或流控制并且希望提供自己的应用程序的协议。

What is the “three-way handshake” in the TCP connection establishing process? Please describe the TCP connection establishing process.

To establish a connection, one side sends a connection request, specifying the IP address and port to which it wants to connect. This is a TCP segment with the SYN bit on and ACK bit off (SYN = 1 and ACK = 0)and waits for a response.

When this segment arrives at the destination, the TCP entity there checks to see if there is a process that is willing to accept a connection on the port(that is , being listening to the port) given in the Destination port field. If not, it sends a reply with the RST bit on to reject the connection.

If some process is listening to the port, that process is given the incoming TCP segment. If it accepts, an acknowledgement segment is sent back. The connection reply bears an acknowledgement, so it has SYN = 1 and ACK = 1 and can be acknowledged unambiguously.

The third step is the requester begins to send data and acknowledge that connection reply with correct acknowledge number.

为了建立连接，一方发送连接请求，指定其想要连接的IP地址和端口。这是一个具有SYN位开启和ACK位关闭（SYN=1和ACK=0）的TCP段，并等待响应。

当这个段到达目的地时，那里的TCP实体检查是否有一个进程愿意接受目的地端口字段中给出的端口上的连接（即，正在监听端口）。如果不是，它会发送一个带有RST位的应答来拒绝连接。

如果某个进程正在监听端口，则给该进程输入传入的TCP段。如果它接受，回送确认段。连接应答包含一个确认，因此它具有SYN=1和ACK=1，并且可以明确地确认。

第三步是请求者开始发送数据，并用正确的确认号确认连接应答。

What is private IP address? Write down the IP range, and how many hosts are there?

什么是私有IP地址？写下IP范围，有多少主机

如果一个主机不需要接入因特网上，但是需要在其网络上运行TCP/IP协议，最佳选择就是使用私有网络地址，但在Internet中路由器一般不转发目标地址是私网地址的数据包

A类：10.0.0.0     网络数1个

B类：172.16.0.0-172.31.0.0  网络数16个

C类：192.168.0.0-192.168.255.0  网络数256个

B2. What is a routing algorithm? Besides flooding, what routing algorithms have you learned?

什么是路由算法？除了泛洪，你还学习了哪些路由算法？

 A routing algorithm is part of the network layer software responsible for deciding which output line an incoming packet should be transmitted on. Routers run a certain routing algorithm to create and maintain routing tables.

We leaned Shortest Path Routing, Distance Vector Routing and Link State Routing algorithms.

路由算法是网络层软件的一部分，它负责决定传入分组应该在哪条输出线上传输。路由器运行一定的路由算法来创建和维护路由表。

我们选择最短路径路由、距离向量路由和链路状态路由算法。

 Do bridges and switches need configuration manually? Why?

桥和交换机需要手动配置吗？为什么？

No. They are auto-configured. They use backward-learning to generate their switch table. Only when virtual LAN is deployed based on switch port grouping(Refer to实验五  VLAN的基本配置), we have to configure switches manually.

答：不，它们是自动配置的。他们使用反向学习来生成他们的交换表。只有当基于交换机端口分组来部署虚拟LAN时（参见示例5 VLAN基本配置），我们才能手动配置交换机。

Please describe the function of the ARP protocol.

ARP is a network layer protocol.address resolution protocol地址解析协议

Data link layer NICs such as Ethernet cards do not understand Internet addresses. The NICs send and receive frames based on MAC addresses. They know nothing about IP addresses. When internet layers use the data link layer service to transmit information, they must map IP addresses onto data link layer addresses in order to tell the data link layer who is the receiver. ARP performs this function.

When a host with IP address A wants to know the link layer address of the other host B, it broadcasts an ARP query: “Who owns IP address B?” The broadcast will arrive at every machine on the LAN, and each one will check its IP address. Only that host B will respond with its MAC address in an ARP response. As a result, all hosts in the same LAN get to know MAC addresses of A and B.

 R）请描述ARP协议的功能。

答：ARP是一个网络层协议。

数据链路层的网络如以太网卡不懂互联网地址。该网卡发送和接收基于MAC地址的帧。他们对IP地址一无所知。当因特网层使用数据链路层服务传输信息时，它们必须将IP地址映射到数据链路层地址，以便告诉数据链路层谁是接收方。ARP执行此功能。

当IP地址的主机A想知道其他主机B的链路层地址时，它会广播ARP查询：“谁拥有IP地址B？广播将到达局域网上的每台机器，每个人都会检查它的IP地址。只有主机B会在ARP响应中用MAC地址响应。因此，同一局域网中的所有主机都知道A和B的MAC地址。