C++：虚继承

6-1 虚继承（理论）

上图，当初始化一个D类对象时，D从B从A继承，D又从C从A继承，继承了两个A，这种情况是不能容忍的（在一份对象中有两次完全相同的数据，属于冗余数据，我们没办法承担他的系统开销）；

例子：

解决办法：虚继承


上图中的MigrantWorker只含有一份Person的数据；

6-2 虚继承（编码）

Person.h

#ifndef PERSON_H  //解决重定义的方法，尤其适合于菱形继承中
#define PERSON_H

#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Person
{
public:
	Person(string color = "blue");
	virtual~Person();//虚的析构函数
	void printColor();
protected:
	string m_strColor;
};

#endif

Person. cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "Person.h"
using namespace std;

Person::Person(string color)
{
	m_strColor = color;
	cout<<"Person()"<<endl;
}

Person::~Person()
{
	cout<<"~Person()"<<endl;
}

void Person::printColor()
{
	cout<<m_strColor<<endl;
	cout<<"Person--printColor()"<<endl;
}

Farmer.h

#include <string>
#include "Person.h"
using namespace std;

class Farmer:virtual public Person
{
public:
	Farmer(string name = "Jack",string color = "blue");
	virtual~Farmer();
	void sow();
protected:
	string m_strName;
};

Farmer.cpp

#include "Farmer.h"
#include<iostream>

Farmer::Farmer(string name,string color):Person("Farmer"+color)
{
	m_strName = name;
	cout<<"Farmer()"<<endl;
}

Farmer::~Farmer()
{
	cout<<"~Farmer()"<<endl;
}

void Farmer::sow()
{
	cout<<m_strName<<endl;
	cout<<"Farmer - sow()"<<endl;
}

Worker.h

#include <string>
#include "Person.h"
using namespace std;

class Worker:virtual public Person
{
public:
	Worker(string code = "001",string color = "blue");
	virtual~Worker();
	void carry();
protected:
	string m_strCode;
};

Worker.cpp

#include"Worker.h"
#include<iostream>

Worker::Worker(string code,string color):Person("Worker"+color)
{
	m_strCode = code;
	cout<<"Worker()"<<endl;
}

Worker::~Worker()
{
	cout<<"~Worker()"<<endl;
}

void Worker::carry()
{
	cout<<m_strCode<<endl;
	cout<<"Worker - carry()"<<endl;
}

MigrantWorker.h

#include "Farmer.h"
#include "Worker.h"

class MigrantWorker:public Farmer,public Worker
{
public:
	MigrantWorker(string name,string code,string color);
	~MigrantWorker();
};

MigrantWorker.cpp

#include "MigrantWorker.h"
#include <iostream>

MigrantWorker::MigrantWorker(string name,string code,string color):Farmer(name,color),Worker(code,color)//先构造的Farmer再构造的Worker/最终把color传递到person的color；
{
	cout<<"MigrantWorker()"<<endl;
}

MigrantWorker::~MigrantWorker()
{
	cout<<"~MigrantWorker()"<<endl;
}

demo.cpp

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
#include "MigrantWorker.h"

int main()
{
	MigrantWorker *p = new MigrantWorker("Merry","200","yellow");
	cout<<endl;
	p->Farmer::printColor();
	p->Worker::printColor();
	cout<<endl;
	delete p;
	p = NULL;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果

Person()
Farmer()
Worker()
MigrantWorker()

blue
Person--printColor()
blue
Person--printColor()

~MigrantWorker()
~Worker()
~Farmer()
~Person()
请按任意键继续. . .

运行结果中：在虚继承的情况下，作为菱形继承最顶层的父类，并没有进行参数的传递，也就是说参数只使用了顶层父类的默认参数，而无法从子类中获得传入的参数；

6-4 单元巩固

定义Person人类，worker工人类及children儿童类，

worker类中定义数据成员m_strName姓名，

children类中定义成员m_iAge年龄，

worker类及children类均虚公有继承Person类，

定义ChildLabourer童工类，公有继承工人类和儿童类，从而形成菱形继承关系
在main函数中通过new实例化ChildLabourer类的对象，并通过该对象调用Person，Worker及Children类中的成员函数，最后销毁该对象，掌握多重继承，多继承，虚继承的定义方法。

#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

/**
 * 定义人类: Person
 */
class Person
{
public:
    Person()
	{
		cout << "Person" << endl;
	}
	~Person()
	{
		cout << "~Person" << endl;
	}
	void eat()
	{
		cout << "eat" << endl;
	}

};

/**
 * 定义工人类: Worker
 * 虚继承人类
 */
class Worker : virtual public Person
{
public:
	Worker(string name)
	{
		m_strName = name;
		cout << "Worker" << endl;
	}
	~Worker()
	{
		cout << "~Worker" << endl;
	}
	void work()
	{
		cout << m_strName << endl;
		cout << "work" << endl;
	}
protected:
	string m_strName;
};

/**
 * 定义儿童类:Children
 * 虚继承人类
 */
class Children : virtual public Person
{
public:
	Children(int age)
	{
		m_iAge = age;
		cout << "Children" << endl;
	}	
	~Children()
	{
		cout << "~Children" << endl;
	}	
	void play()
	{
		cout << m_iAge << endl;
		cout << "play" << endl;
	}
protected:
	int m_iAge;
};

/**
 * 定义童工类：ChildLabourer
 * 公有继承工人类和儿童类
 */
class ChildLabourer:public Worker,public Children
{
public:
	ChildLabourer(string name, int age):Worker(name),Children(age)
	{
		cout << "ChildLabourer" << endl;
	}

	~ChildLabourer()
	{
		cout << "~ChildLabourer" << endl;
	}	
};

int main(void)
{
    // 用new关键字实例化童工类对象
	ChildLabourer *p = new ChildLabourer("tom",14);
    // 调用童工类对象各方法。
	p->eat();
	p->work();
	p->play();
	delete p;
	p = NULL;

	return 0;
}

运行成功
Person
Worker
Children
ChildLabourer
eat
tom
work
14
play
~ChildLabourer
~Children
~Worker
~Person