机器学习基础算法33-贝叶斯网络实践

1.高斯朴素贝叶斯对鸢尾花数据进行分类

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler, PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB, MultinomialNB
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier


if __name__ == "__main__":

    data = pd.read_csv('iris.data', header=None)
    x, y = data[np.arange(4)], data[4]
    # pd.Categorical( list ).codes 这样就可以直接得到原始数据的对应的序号列表，通过这样的处理可以将类别信息转化成数值信息
    y = pd.Categorical(values=y).codes
    print(y)
    feature_names = u'花萼长度', u'花萼宽度', u'花瓣长度', u'花瓣宽度'
    features = [0,1]
    x = x[features]
    x, x_test, y, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, train_size=0.7, random_state=0)

    priors = np.array((1,2,4), dtype=float)
    priors /= priors.sum()
    gnb = Pipeline([
        ('sc', StandardScaler()),
        ('poly', PolynomialFeatures(degree=1)),
        ('clf', GaussianNB(priors=priors))])    # 由于鸢尾花数据是样本均衡的，其实不需要设置先验值
    # gnb = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3).fit(x, y.ravel())
    gnb.fit(x, y.ravel())    # y.ravel()将多维数组转变为一维数组
    y_hat = gnb.predict(x)
    print('训练集准确度: %.2f%%' % (100 * accuracy_score(y, y_hat)))
    y_test_hat = gnb.predict(x_test)
    print('测试集准确度：%.2f%%' % (100 * accuracy_score(y_test, y_test_hat)))  # 画图

    N, M = 500, 500     # 横纵各采样多少个值
    x1_min, x2_min = x.min()
    x1_max, x2_max = x.max()
    t1 = np.linspace(x1_min, x1_max, N)
    t2 = np.linspace(x2_min, x2_max, M)
    x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(t1, t2)                    # 生成网格采样点
    x_grid = np.stack((x1.flat, x2.flat), axis=1)   # 测试点

    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'simHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    cm_light = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['#77E0A0', '#FF8080', '#A0A0FF'])
    cm_dark = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['g', 'r', 'b'])
    y_grid_hat = gnb.predict(x_grid)                  # 预测值
    y_grid_hat = y_grid_hat.reshape(x1.shape)
    plt.figure(facecolor='w')
    plt.pcolormesh(x1, x2, y_grid_hat, cmap=cm_light)     # 预测值的显示
    plt.scatter(x[features[0]], x[features[1]], c=y, edgecolors='k', s=50, cmap=cm_dark)
    plt.scatter(x_test[features[0]], x_test[features[1]], c=y_test, marker='^', edgecolors='k', s=120, cmap=cm_dark)

    plt.xlabel(feature_names[features[0]], fontsize=13)
    plt.ylabel(feature_names[features[1]], fontsize=13)
    plt.xlim(x1_min, x1_max)
    plt.ylim(x2_min, x2_max)
    plt.title(u'GaussianNB对鸢尾花数据的分类结果', fontsize=18)
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.show()

[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2]
训练集准确度: 82.86%
测试集准确度：71.11%

2.文本数据的处理流程-20个类别的新闻组数据

# 文本数据的处理流程-20个类别的新闻组数据
# MultinomialNB、BernoulliNB、KNeighborsClassifier、RidgeClassifier、RandomForestClassifier分类器及调参
import numpy as np
from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB, BernoulliNB
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.linear_model import RidgeClassifier
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn import metrics
from time import time
from pprint import pprint
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl


def test_clf(clf):
    print(u'分类器：', clf)
    alpha_can = np.logspace(-3, 2, 10)
    model = GridSearchCV(clf, param_grid={'alpha': alpha_can}, cv=5)
    m = alpha_can.size
    if hasattr(clf, 'alpha'):
        '''判断对象中是否具有该属性'''
        model.set_params(param_grid={'alpha': alpha_can})
        m = alpha_can.size
    if hasattr(clf, 'n_neighbors'):
        neighbors_can = np.arange(1, 15)
        model.set_params(param_grid={'n_neighbors': neighbors_can})
        m = neighbors_can.size
    if hasattr(clf, 'C'):
        C_can = np.logspace(1, 3, 3)
        gamma_can = np.logspace(-3, 0, 3)
        model.set_params(param_grid={'C':C_can, 'gamma':gamma_can})
        m = C_can.size * gamma_can.size
    if hasattr(clf, 'max_depth'):
        max_depth_can = np.arange(4, 10)
        model.set_params(param_grid={'max_depth': max_depth_can})
        m = max_depth_can.size
    t_start = time()
    model.fit(x_train, y_train)
    t_end = time()
    t_train = (t_end - t_start) / (5*m)
    print(u'5折交叉验证的训练时间为：%.3f秒/(5*%d)=%.3f秒' % ((t_end - t_start), m, t_train))
    print(u'最优超参数为：', model.best_params_)
    t_start = time()
    y_hat = model.predict(x_test)
    t_end = time()
    t_test = t_end - t_start
    print(u'测试时间：%.3f秒' % t_test)
    acc = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_hat)
    print(u'测试集准确率：%.2f%%' % (100 * acc))
    name = str(clf).split('(')[0]
    index = name.find('Classifier')
    if index != -1:
        name = name[:index]     # 去掉末尾的Classifier
    if name == 'SVC':
        name = 'SVM'
    return t_train, t_test, 1-acc, name


if __name__ == "__main__":

    print(u'开始下载/加载数据...')
    t_start = time()
    # remove = ('headers', 'footers', 'quotes')
    remove = ()
    categories = 'alt.atheism', 'talk.religion.misc', 'comp.graphics', 'sci.space'
    # categories = None     # 若分类所有类别，请注意内存是否够用
    data_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train', categories=categories, shuffle=True, random_state=0, remove=remove)
    data_test = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='test', categories=categories, shuffle=True, random_state=0, remove=remove)
    t_end = time()
    print(u'下载/加载数据完成，耗时%.3f秒' % (t_end - t_start))
    print(u'数据类型：', type(data_train))
    print(u'训练集包含的文本数目：', len(data_train.data))
    print(u'测试集包含的文本数目：', len(data_test.data))
    print(u'训练集和测试集使用的%d个类别的名称：' % len(categories))
    categories = data_train.target_names
    pprint(categories)
    y_train = data_train.target
    y_test = data_test.target
    print(u' -- 前10个文本 -- ')
    for i in np.arange(10):
        print(u'文本%d(属于类别 - %s)：' % (i+1, categories[y_train[i]]))
        print(data_train.data[i])
        print('\n\n')
    vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer(input='content', stop_words='english', max_df=0.5, sublinear_tf=True)
    x_train = vectorizer.fit_transform(data_train.data)  # x_train是稀疏的，scipy.sparse.csr.csr_matrix
    x_test = vectorizer.transform(data_test.data)
    print(u'训练集样本个数：%d，特征个数：%d' % x_train.shape)
    print(u'停止词:\n')
    # 获取英文停止词
    pprint(vectorizer.get_stop_words())
    feature_names = np.asarray(vectorizer.get_feature_names())

    print(u'\n\n===================\n分类器的比较：\n')
    clfs = (MultinomialNB(),                # 0.87(0.017), 0.002, 90.39%
            BernoulliNB(),                  # 1.592(0.032), 0.010, 88.54%
            KNeighborsClassifier(),         # 19.737(0.282), 0.208, 86.03%
            RidgeClassifier(),              # 25.6(0.512), 0.003, 89.73%
            RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=200),   # 59.319(1.977), 0.248, 77.01%
            SVC()                           # 236.59(5.258), 1.574, 90.10%
            )
    result = []
    for clf in clfs:
        a = test_clf(clf)
        result.append(a)
        print('\n')
    result = np.array(result)
    time_train, time_test, err, names = result.T
    time_train = time_train.astype(np.float)
    time_test = time_test.astype(np.float)
    err = err.astype(np.float)
    x = np.arange(len(time_train))
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'simHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    plt.figure(figsize=(10, 7), facecolor='w')
    ax = plt.axes()
    b1 = ax.bar(x, err, width=0.25, color='#77E0A0')
    ax_t = ax.twinx()
    b2 = ax_t.bar(x+0.25, time_train, width=0.25, color='#FFA0A0')
    b3 = ax_t.bar(x+0.5, time_test, width=0.25, color='#FF8080')
    plt.xticks(x+0.5, names)
    plt.legend([b1[0], b2[0], b3[0]], (u'错误率', u'训练时间', u'测试时间'), loc='upper left', shadow=True)
    plt.title(u'新闻组文本数据不同分类器间的比较', fontsize=18)
    plt.xlabel(u'分类器名称')
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.tight_layout(2)
    plt.show()

分类器的比较：

分类器： MultinomialNB(alpha=1.0, class_prior=None, fit_prior=True)
5折交叉验证的训练时间为：0.540秒/(5*10)=0.011秒
最优超参数为： {'alpha': 0.003593813663804626}
测试时间：0.004秒
测试集准确率：89.58%


分类器： BernoulliNB(alpha=1.0, binarize=0.0, class_prior=None, fit_prior=True)
5折交叉验证的训练时间为：0.862秒/(5*10)=0.017秒
最优超参数为： {'alpha': 0.001}
测试时间：0.009秒
测试集准确率：88.54%


分类器： KNeighborsClassifier(algorithm='auto', leaf_size=30, metric='minkowski',
                     metric_params=None, n_jobs=None, n_neighbors=5, p=2,
                     weights='uniform')
5折交叉验证的训练时间为：4.213秒/(5*14)=0.060秒
最优超参数为： {'n_neighbors': 3}
测试时间：0.193秒
测试集准确率：86.03%


分类器： RidgeClassifier(alpha=1.0, class_weight=None, copy_X=True, fit_intercept=True,
                max_iter=None, normalize=False, random_state=None,
                solver='auto', tol=0.001)
5折交叉验证的训练时间为：7.214秒/(5*10)=0.144秒
最优超参数为： {'alpha': 0.001}
测试时间：0.002秒
测试集准确率：89.28%


分类器： RandomForestClassifier(bootstrap=True, ccp_alpha=0.0, class_weight=None,
                       criterion='gini', max_depth=None, max_features='auto',
                       max_leaf_nodes=None, max_samples=None,
                       min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None,
                       min_samples_leaf=1, min_samples_split=2,
                       min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, n_estimators=200,
                       n_jobs=None, oob_score=False, random_state=None,
                       verbose=0, warm_start=False)
5折交叉验证的训练时间为：27.850秒/(5*6)=0.928秒
最优超参数为： {'max_depth': 9}
测试时间：0.147秒
测试集准确率：77.16%


分类器： SVC(C=1.0, break_ties=False, cache_size=200, class_weight=None, coef0=0.0,
    decision_function_shape='ovr', degree=3, gamma='scale', kernel='rbf',
    max_iter=-1, probability=False, random_state=None, shrinking=True,
    tol=0.001, verbose=False)
5折交叉验证的训练时间为：170.046秒/(5*9)=3.779秒
最优超参数为： {'C': 100.0, 'gamma': 0.03162277660168379}
测试时间：1.795秒
测试集准确率：90.10%