构造方法
构造方法类似于init的初始化方法,当一个对象被创建后,会立即调用构造方法。
一般方法
class A:
def hello(self):
print('hello:i am A')
class B(A):#A是其超类
pass
a = A()
b = B()
a.hello()
Out[21]:
hello:i am A
b.hello()
Out[21]:
hello:i am A
重写
当子类需要自己的构建方法时,重写即可
class B(A):
def hello(self):
print('hello:i am B')
b = B()
b.hello()
Out[21]:
hello:i am B
鸟叫的例子
双下划线,鸟吃过之后就不再饥饿。
class Bird:
def __init__(self):
self.hungry = True
def eat(self):
if self.hungry:
print('Aaaah')
self.hungry = False
else:
print('No,thanks')
b = Bird()
b.eat()
Out[21]:
Aaaah
b.eat()
Out[21]:
No,thanks
再加上唱歌的行为
class SongBird(Bird):
def __init__(self):
self.sound = 'Squawk'
def sing(self):
print(self.sound)
sb = SongBird()
sb.sing()
Out[21]:
Squawk
但是:当调用eat时,就会报错
报错原因:
SongBird的构造方法被重写,新的构造方法没有关于hungry特性的代码(其超类的构造方法)。要想达到预期的效果,必须调用其超类Bird的构造方法。调用超类构造方法的未绑定版本or 使用super函数
使用super函数
解决上节问题,添加:super(SongBird,self).__init__()
class SongBird(Bird):
def __init__(self):
super(SongBird,self).__init__()
self.sound = 'Squawk'
def sing(self):
print(self.sound)
sb = SongBird()
sb.sing()
Out[21]:Squawk
#完美解决
sb.eat()
Out[21]:Aaaah
迭代器
iter
class Fibs():
def __init__(self):
self.a = 0
self.b = 1
def next(self):
self.a,self.b = self.b,self.a+self.b
return self.a#返回a
def __iter__(self):
return self
fibs = Fibs()
for f in fibs:
if f > 100:
print(f)
break
从迭代器得到序列
class TestIterator:
value = 0
def next(self):
self.value +=1
if self.value>10:raise StopIteration
return self.value
def __iter(self):
return self
ti = TestIterator()
list(ti)
生成器
生成器是一种用普通的函数语法定义的迭代器。生成器推倒式和列表推导式有点类似,但是生成的不是列表,而是生成器,并不会立即进行循环。
对列表neated = [[1,2],[3],[4],[5]]
进行循环
neated = [[1,2],[3],[4],[5]]
def flatten(neated):
for sublist in neated:
for element in sublist:
yield element
for num in flatten(neated):
print(num)
递归生成器
def flatten(nested):
try:
for sublist in neated:
for element in sublist:
yield element
except TypeError:
yield nested
list(flatten([[[1],2],3,4,[5,[6,7]],8]))