Shell命令学习

知行合一1990

已于 2024-04-05 22:03:11 修改

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文章标签：学习 linux 运维

于 2024-04-05 13:39:00 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42896776/article/details/137398201

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变量

作用域

name是局部变量，正常只能在本shell脚本可见，age是全局变量，所有shell脚本都可见。source执行shell脚本可以使用局部变量是因为没有发生进程切换。

[root@node02 shell]# cat variable.sh 
#/bin/bash

name=dushuai
export age=19
sh variable_for_call.sh
#source /opt/project/shell/variable_for_call.sh
[root@node02 shell]# 
[root@node02 shell]# cat variable_for_call.sh 
#/bin/bash

echo $name
echo $age
while true; do
    sleep 1000
done
[root@node02 shell]#

sh variable_for_call.sh执行结果

[root@node02 shell]# sh variable.sh 

19

[root@node02 shell]# ps -auxf
root       1085  0.0  0.1  56848  1696 ?        Ss   19:24   0:00 login -- root     
root       1252  0.0  0.2 108576  2284 tty1     Ss   21:18   0:00  \_ -bash
root       1323  0.0  0.1 106080  1348 tty1     S+   21:34   0:00      \_ sh variable.sh
root       1324  0.0  0.1 106080  1336 tty1     S+   21:34   0:00          \_ sh variable_for_call.sh
root       1325  0.0  0.0 100924   620 tty1     S+   21:34   0:00              \_ sleep 1000

source /opt/project/shell/variable_for_call.sh执行结果

[root@node02 shell]# sh variable.sh 
dushuai
19

[root@node02 shell]# ps -auxf
root       1085  0.0  0.1  56848  1696 ?        Ss   19:24   0:00 login -- root     
root       1252  0.0  0.2 108576  2284 tty1     Ss   21:18   0:00  \_ -bash
root       1315  0.0  0.1 106080  1360 tty1     S+   21:32   0:00      \_ sh variable.sh
root       1316  0.0  0.0 100924   620 tty1     S+   21:32   0:00          \_ sleep 1000

参数传递

[root@node02 shell]# cat parameters.sh 
#/bin/bash

echo $@
for i in $@; do    # $@ "$@" "$*"作用一样，获取所有的入参数组
    echo $i
done
echo '============'
for i in "$@"; do
    echo $i
done
echo '============'
echo $*
for i in $*; do
    echo $i
done
echo '============'
for i in "$*"; do  # $* 获取所有入参字符串
    echo $i
done
echo '============'
echo $#            # $# 获取入参的个数
echo '============'
echo $$            # $$ 获取脚本的pid
echo '============'
echo $0            # $0 获取脚本的第0个参数，也就是脚本名
echo '============'

[root@node02 shell]# sh parameters.sh p1 p2 p3
p1 p2 p3
p1
p2
p3
============
p1
p2
p3
============
p1 p2 p3
p1
p2
p3
============
p1 p2 p3
============
3
============
1134
============
parameters.sh
============
[root@node02 shell]#
[root@node02 shell]# echo $?  # $?获取脚本执行结果
0
[root@node02 shell]#

字符串

[root@node02 ~]# str=dushuai #字符串长度
[root@node02 ~]# echo ${#str}
7

[root@node02 ~]# str=dushuai #截取str，从第0位开始往后数两位结束
[root@node02 ~]# echo ${str:0:2}
du

数组

[root@node02 ~]# arr=("cat" "dog" "monkey") #初始化数组
[root@node02 ~]# echo ${arr[0]} #打印第1个元素
cat
[root@node02 ~]# echo ${arr[@]} #打印所有元素
cat dog monkey
[root@node02 ~]# echo ${#arr[@]} #打印元素个数
3
[root@node02 ~]# echo ${#arr[*]} #打印元素个数
3
[root@node02 ~]#

注释

[root@node02 shell]# cat annotate.sh 
#/bin/bash

#------------------------
# annotate.sh
# author: dushuai
# e-mail: tdcq799@163.com
#-------------------------

:<<EOF
annotate.sh
author: dushuai
e-mail: tdcq799@163.com
EOF

:<<!
annotate.sh
author: dushuai
e-mail: tdcq799@163.com
!

运算符

算术运算符

[root@node02 shell]# cat operator.sh 
#/bin/bash

a=20
b=30

expr $a + $b        # 加
expr $a - $b        # 减
expr $a \* $b       # 乘
expr $a / $b        # 除
expr $a % $b        # 取余
c=$a                # 赋值
if [ $a == $c ]     # 判断相等
then
    echo 'a == c'
fi
if [ $a != $b ]     # 判断不等
then
    echo 'a != b'
fi
[root@node02 shell]#
[root@node02 shell]# sh operator.sh 
50
-10
600
0
20
a == c
a != b

关系运算符

[root@node02 shell]# cat operator.sh 
#/bin/bash

a=20
b=30

if [ $a -eq $b ]
then
   echo 'a equal b'
else
   echo 'a not equal b'
fi

if [ $a -ne $b ]
then
   echo 'a not equal b'
else
   echo 'a equal b'
fi

if [ $a -gt $b ]
then
   echo 'a greater than b'
else
   echo 'a not greater than b'
fi

if [ $a -lt $b ]
then
   echo 'a less than b'
else
   echo 'a not less than b'
fi

if [ $a -ge $b ]
then
   echo 'a greater than or equal b'
else
   echo 'a not greater than or equal b'
fi

if [ $a -le $b ]
then
   echo 'a less than or equal b'
else
   echo 'a not less than or equal b'
fi

[root@node02 shell]# sh operator.sh 
a not equal b
a not equal b
a not greater than b
a less than b
a not greater than or equal b
a less than or equal b
[root@node02 shell]#

布尔运算符

[root@node02 shell]# cat operator.sh 
#/bin/bash

a=20
b=30
if [ ! $a == $b ]
then
   echo 'a not equal b'
else
   echo 'a equal b'
fi

if [ $a -lt 100 -a $b -lt 100 ]        # -a 不短路与，放到[]里使用
then
   echo 'a less than 100 and b less than 100'
else
   echo 'wrong'
fi

if [ $a -lt 100 -o $b -gt 100 ]        # -o 不短路或，放到[]里使用
then
   echo 'a less than 100 or b grater than 100'
else
   echo 'wrong'
fi
[root@node02 shell]#
[root@node02 shell]# sh operator.sh 
a not equal b
a less than 100 and b less than 100
a less than 100 or b grater than 100
[root@node02 shell]#

逻辑运算符

[root@node02 shell]# cat operator.sh 
#/bin/bash

a=20
b=30

if [[ $a -lt 100 && $b -lt 100 ]]   # 短路与，放在[[]]里使用，[[]]是内置关键字
then
   echo 'a less than 100 and b less than 100'
else
   echo 'wrong'
fi

if [[ $a -lt 100 || $b -gt 100 ]]   # 短路或，放在[[]]里使用
then
   echo 'a less than 100 or b grater than 100'
else
   echo 'wrong'
fi

[root@node02 shell]# sh operator.sh
a less than 100 and b less than 100
a less than 100 or b grater than 100

字符串运算符

[root@node02 shell]# cat operator.sh 
#/bin/bash

a="abc"
b="def"

if [ $a = $b ]
then
   echo 'a equals b'
else
   echo 'a not equals b'
fi

if [ $a != $b ]
then
   echo 'a not equals b'
else
   echo 'a equals b'
fi

if [ -z $a ]
then
   echo 'a length is 0'
else
   echo 'a length is not 0'
fi

if [ -n $a ]
then
   echo 'a length is not 0'
else
   echo 'a length is 0'
fi

if [ $a ]                 # a如果没有初始化，判断结果位false
then
   echo 'a is not empty'
else
   echo 'a is empty'
fi
[root@node02 shell]#
[root@node02 shell]# sh operator.sh
a not equals b
a not equals b
a length is not 0
a length is not 0
a is not empty

文件测试运算符

[root@node02 shell]# cat operator.sh 
#/bin/bash

file="/opt/project/shell/score.txt"
if [ -r $file ]
then
   echo "文件可读"
else
   echo "文件不可读"
fi

if [ -w $file ]
then
   echo "文件可写"
else
   echo "文件不可写"
fi

if [ -x $file ]
then
   echo "文件可执行"
else
   echo "文件不可执行"
fi

if [ -f $file ]
then
   echo "文件存在且为普通文件"
else
   echo "wrong"
fi

if [ -d $file ]
then
   echo "文件是个目录"
else
   echo "文件不是个目录"
fi

if [ -s $file ]
then
   echo "文件不为空"
else
   echo "文件为空"
fi

if [ -e $file ]
then
   echo "文件存在"
else
   echo "文件不存在"
fi
[root@node02 shell]#
[root@node02 shell]# sh operator.sh
文件可读
文件可写
文件不可执行
文件存在且为普通文件
文件不是个目录
文件不为空
文件存在

逻辑语句

if

[root@node02 shell]# cat flowcontroll.sh 
#/bin/bash

a=20
b=30
if [ $a -eq $b ]
then
   echo "a equals b"
elif [ $a -lt $b ]
then
   echo "a less than b"
elif [ $a -gt $b ]
then
   echo "a greater than b"
else
   echo "wrong"
fi 
[root@node02 shell]#
[root@node02 shell]# sh flowcontroll.sh 
a less than b

case

[root@node02 shell]# cat testcase.sh 
#/bin/bash

echo 'input num is:'
read num
case $num in
     1) echo 'input is 1'
     ;;                      # 相当于break
     2) echo 'input is 2'
     ;;
     3) echo 'input is 3'
     ;;
     4) echo 'input is 4'
     ;;
     *) echo 'wrong num'     # 相当于default
     ;;
esac
[root@node02 shell]# sh testcase.sh 
input num is:
4
input is 4
[root@node02 shell]#

for

[root@node02 shell]# cat testfor.sh 
#/bin/bash

for i in 1 2 3 4
do
   echo $i
done

for str in 'a' 'b' 'c'
do
   echo $str
done
[root@node02 shell]# sh testfor.sh 
1
2
3
4
a
b
c
[root@node02 shell]#

example:
for i in `seq -w 1 21`;do echo "http://thns.tsinghua.edu.cn/thnsebooks/ebook73/$i"; done

for i in `seq -f"http://thns.tsinghua.edu.cn/thnsebooks/ebook73/%02g.pdf" 1 21`;do echo $i; done

for i in {1..5}; do echo -n "$i "; done

while

[root@node02 shell]# cat testwhile.sh 
#/bin/bash

i=1
while(($i<=5))
do
  echo $i
  let "i++"
done
echo '==============='
i=1
while(($i<=5))
do
  echo $i
  let "i++"
  if (($i==3))
  then
     break
  fi
done
echo '==============='
i=1
while(($i<=5))
do
  if (($i==3))
  then
     let "i++"
     continue
  fi
  echo $i
  let "i++"
done
[root@node02 shell]# sh testwhile.sh 
1
2
3
4
5
===============
1
2
===============
1
2
4
5
[root@node02 shell]#

函数

[root@node02 shell]# cat testfunction.sh 
#/bin/bash

function1() {
   echo "input is $1"
   #return $(($1+1))
   return `expr $1 + 1`
}

function1 2
echo $?
[root@node02 shell]# sh testfunction.sh 
input is 2
3
[root@node02 shell]#

其他关键字

echo

[root@node02 shell]# cat operator.sh 
#/bin/bash

echo -n "abc"       # 不换行回显
echo "def"
echo -e "abc\ndef"  # 特殊字符不转义回显
[root@node02 shell]# sh operator.sh
abcdef
abc
def

test

[root@node02 shell]# cat operator.sh 
#/bin/bash

a=20
b=30
if test $a -eq $b     # 和[]作用一样
then
   echo 'a equals b'
else
   echo 'a not equals b'
fi
[root@node02 shell]# sh operator.sh
a not equals b

参考：

https://www.cnblogs.com/FengZeng666/p/15323028.html
https://blog.csdn.net/eidolon_foot/article/details/135717160
https://blog.csdn.net/kouryoushine/article/details/91361718
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36326332/article/details/112543884
https://www.jb51.net/article/206537.htm
https://www.cnblogs.com/soymilk2019/p/14978480.html
https://blog.csdn.net/u012060033/article/details/104310372?utm_medium=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-2~default~baidujs_baidulandingword~default-1-104310372-blog-133384203.235^v43^pc_blog_bottom_relevance_base5&spm=1001.2101.3001.4242.2&utm_relevant_index=4
https://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-comm-awk.html
https://blog.csdn.net/aikudexiaohai/article/details/133509113
https://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-comm-sed.html
https://blog.51cto.com/mengbo2006214/1967573
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Eq4y1z7u8?p=13&spm_id_from=pageDriver&vd_source=67d7114b0eb64b14ba400a66f04f0da8
https://www.w3cschool.cn/shellbook/u2fjkozt.html
https://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-comm-grep.html
https://www.jb51.net/article/283696.htm

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Shell命令学习

name是局部变量，正常只能在本shell脚本可见，age是全局变量，所有shell脚本都可见。source执行shell脚本调用使用局部变量是因为没有发生进程切换。sh variable_for_call.sh执行结果source /opt/project/shell/variable_for_call.sh执行结果。
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