python小项目之飞机大战

今天想用pygame库写一个击打外星人飞船的python程序

这个游戏的效果是操纵一个位于屏幕底端的飞船，通过上下左右控制飞船移动方向，按空格发射子弹。游戏中击杀一批飞船后进入下一关卡。每一关卡击打飞船获得的得分递增。若外星飞船触碰飞船或屏幕底端则减一条命。最终计算总得分。

游戏中主要包括了：飞船对象，alien对象，子弹对象，游戏设置，游戏状态，游戏控制按钮，计分板。

1.飞船部分

由于pygame中已有sprite类，故飞船可直接继承sprite类
注意在继承类时class中标注继承了什么类，_ init _函数中要使用super(Ship,self).init()来完成继承工作。同时init中也引入了ai—setting和screen（这些部分的代码会在后面写出）

然后为了构建这个飞船的形态，需要在当前文件夹中保存一个飞船的图像。初始化时设置飞船矩形（rect）的中心与游戏界面的中心位于同一垂直线上，飞船底部位于屏幕底端。初始化时定义四个位移变量（上下左右）并设置为false，以便后面按键时对其进行改变。
接下来定义了update函数，这个函数的作用是改变飞船的当前状态，如按下←键时使得飞船左移。同时需要注意：飞船的左侧不能超过屏幕的左端，否则会很影响游戏体验。其余同理。
然后是blitme函数，这个函数完成了将飞船状态及时更新在屏幕上的工作。
最后写了一个centership函数，是用来在需要的时刻将飞船重新放置到屏幕中央。

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Ship(Sprite):#继承sprite类

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
        super(Ship,self).__init__()
        self.screen=screen
        self.ai_settings=ai_settings

        self.image=pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        self.screen_rect=screen.get_rect()

        self.rect.centerx=self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.rect.bottom=self.screen_rect.bottom

        self.center=float(self.rect.centerx)
        self.high=float(self.rect.bottom)

        self.moving_right=False
        self.moving_left=False
        self.moving_up=False
        self.moving_down=False
        

    def update(self):
        if self.moving_right and self.rect.right<self.screen_rect.right:
            #self.rect.centerx+=1
            self.center+=self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor_horizen
        if self.moving_left and self.rect.left>self.screen_rect.left:
            #self.rect.centerx-=1
            self.center-=self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor_horizen
        if self.moving_up and self.rect.top>self.screen_rect.top:
            
            self.high-=self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor_height
        if self.moving_down and self.rect.bottom<self.screen_rect.bottom:
            
            self.high+=self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor_height
        
            

        self.rect.centerx=self.center
        self.rect.bottom=self.high

    def blitme(self):

        self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
    def center_ship(self):
        self.center=self.screen_rect.centerx

给出alien部分：
alien部分生成了飞船群
然后为了产生初始的随机方向飞行，引入了random库。
同样的，这里的alien也继承了Sprite精灵。
注意，这里的飞船图像必须保存在当前文件夹下，然后用pygame.load来加载图片。
一个细节，由于alien移动距离是浮点型，所以要先计算移动的浮点类型，最后将其转换成整形以保证移动的连续性。同时由于alien图像必须保证一直处在screen内，所以这里定义了一个方法check_edges，通过self.screen.get_rect()来获取屏幕的位置，将alien与screen都视为矩形，比较两者的边界即可。

import pygame
import random##########
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Alien(Sprite):

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
        super(Alien,self).__init__()
        self.screen=screen
        self.ai_settings=ai_settings


        self.image=pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()

        self.rect.x=self.rect.width#-20
        self.rect.y=self.rect.height#-20

        self.direction=random.choice([1,-1])


        self.x=float(self.rect.x)

    def check_edges(self):
        screen_rect=self.screen.get_rect()
        if self.rect.right>=screen_rect.right:
            return True
        elif self.rect.left<=screen_rect.left:
            return True


    def blitme(self):
        self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)

        
    def update(self):
        #由于x可以精确到小数，故先更新x，再用x更新rect
        self.x+=(self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor*
                 self.direction)#*random.choice([1,-1])#####
        self.rect.x=self.x

给出bullet部分。
bullet同ship，alien一样，也继承了sprite。
注意，由于子弹是由飞船从飞船上部发出，故初始化子弹时要将其位置设置在飞船上部中央，子弹大小也不能过大。因为子弹大小较小，所以用pygame中的draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)来画出一个小矩形即可，这种方法比较省事。如果想要使子弹的形状更加美观，可以用上面ship和alien中加载位图的方式。

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Bullet(Sprite):


    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,ship):

        super(Bullet,self).__init__()
        self.screen=screen

        self.rect=pygame.Rect(0,0,ai_settings.bullet_width,
                              ai_settings.bullet_height)
        self.rect.centerx=ship.rect.centerx
        self.rect.bottom=ship.rect.bottom

        self.y=float(self.rect.y)

        self.color=ai_settings.bullet_color
        self.speed_factor=ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor

    def update(self):
        self.y-=self.speed_factor
        self.rect.y=self.y

    def draw_bullet(self):
        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)

给出游戏设置部分。
我们把游戏中所有涉及数据的部分都放在这个文件中，包括了屏幕，速度，子弹，飞船，外星人，游戏节奏以及游戏关卡更新。

class Settings():
    """存储所有设置的类"""
    def __init__(self):
        self.high_score=0

        #屏幕设置
        self.screen_width=1200
        self.screen_height=650
        self.bg_color=(230,230,230)
        #速度设置
        self.ship_speed_factor_horizen=1
        self.ship_speed_factor_height=0.5
        self.ship_limit=3

        #子弹设置
        self.bullet_speed_factor=1
        self.bullet_width=3
        self.bullet_height=15
        self.bullet_color=60,60,60
        self.bullets_allowed=3

        #外星人设置
        self.alien_speed_factor=1
        self.fleet_drop_speed=10
        #direction为1表示右移，-1表示左移
        self.fleet_direction=1
        self.alien_points=50

        #游戏节奏设置
        self.speedup_scale=1.1
        self.score_scale=1.5

        self.initialize_dynamic_settings()

    def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
        self.ship_speed_factor=1.5
        self.bullet_speed_factor=3
        self.alien_speed_factor=1

        self.fleet_direction=1

    def increase_speed(self):
        self.ship_speed_factor*=self.speedup_scale
        self.bullet_speed_factor*=self.speedup_scale
        self.alien_speed_factor*=self.speedup_scale

        self.alien_points=int(self.alien_points*self.score_scale)

给出游戏状态部分。
将游戏中的状态部分都放置在这个文件中。

class GameStats():
    def __init__(self,ai_settings):
        self.ai_settings=ai_settings
        self.reset_stats()
        self.game_active=False
        
        self.high_score=0

    def reset_stats(self):

        self.ships_left=self.ai_settings.ship_limit
        self.score=0
        self.level=1

由于游戏初始通常有一个START按钮用于开始游戏，所以这里需要定义一个按钮类。这里需要引入pygame.font用于其中的字体部分。
loading…

import pygame.font

class Button():

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,message):
        '''初始化按钮的属性'''
        self.screen=screen
        self.screen_rect=screen.get_rect()

        self.width,self.height=200,50
        self.button_color=(0,255,0)
        self.text_color=(255,255,255)
        self.font=pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)

        self.rect=pygame.Rect(0,0,self.width,self.height)
        self.rect.center=self.screen_rect.center


        self.prep_message(message)


    def prep_message(self,message):
        #图像渲染
        self.message_image=self.font.render(message,True,self.text_color,
                                            self.button_color)
        self.message_image_rect=self.message_image.get_rect()
        self.message_image_rect.center=self.rect.center

    def draw_button(self):
        self.screen.fill(self.button_color,self.rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.message_image,self.message_image_rect)

给出计分板部分：

import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Group

from ship import Ship

class Scoreboard():


    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,stats):
        self.screen=screen
        self.screen_rect=screen.get_rect()
        self.ai_settings=ai_settings
        self.stats=stats

        self.text_color=(30,30,30)
        self.font=pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)



        self.prep_score()
        self.prep_high_score()
        self.prep_history_high_score()##########
        self.prep_level()
        self.prep_ships()
        

    def prep_score(self):
        '''将得分渲染成图像'''
        rounded_score=int(round(self.stats.score,-1))
        score_str="score:"+"{:,}".format(rounded_score)
        self.score_image=self.font.render(score_str,True,self.text_color,
                                          self.ai_settings.bg_color)


        #将得分放在右上角
        self.score_rect=self.score_image.get_rect()
        self.score_rect.right=self.screen_rect.right-20
        self.score_rect.top=20#存疑

    def prep_high_score(self):
        high_score=int(round(self.stats.high_score,-1))
        high_score_str="High score:"+"{:,}".format(high_score)
        self.high_score_image=self.font.render(high_score_str,True,
                                self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bg_color)
        self.high_score_rect=self.high_score_image.get_rect()
        self.high_score_rect.centerx=self.screen_rect.centerx-195
        self.high_score_rect.top=self.score_rect.top

    def prep_history_high_score(self):###########
        with open("highscore.txt") as file1:
            lines=file1.readlines()
        temp_string=''
        for line in lines:
            temp_string+=line.rstrip()
        history_high_score=eval(temp_string)
        history_high_score_str="Highest score:"+"{:,}".format(history_high_score)
        self.history_high_score_image=self.font.render(history_high_score_str,
                            True,self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bg_color)
        self.history_high_score_rect=self.history_high_score_image.get_rect()
        self.history_high_score_rect.left=self.high_score_rect.right+45
        self.history_high_score_rect.top=self.high_score_rect.top

    def prep_level(self):
        self.level_image=self.font.render("Level:"+str(self.stats.level),True,
                                self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bg_color)
        '''将等级放在得分下方'''
        self.level_rect=self.level_image.get_rect()
        self.level_rect.right=self.score_rect.right
        self.level_rect.top=self.score_rect.bottom+10

    def prep_ships(self):
        self.ships=Group()
        for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):
            ship=Ship(self.ai_settings,self.screen)
            ship.rect.x=10+ship_number*ship.rect.width
            ship.rect.y=10
            self.ships.add(ship)

    def show_score(self):
        self.screen.blit(self.score_image,self.score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image,self.high_score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.history_high_score_image,
                         self.history_high_score_rect)####
        self.screen.blit(self.level_image,self.level_rect)
        self.ships.draw(self.screen)

给出游戏中用到的各种函数部分：

import sys
import pygame
import random
import time
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
from time import sleep


def check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,bullets):#stats
    if event.key==pygame.K_RIGHT:
     #向右移动一格
        ship.moving_right=True
    elif event.key==pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left=True
    elif event.key==pygame.K_UP:
        ship.moving_up=True
    elif event.key==pygame.K_DOWN:
        ship.moving_down=True
    elif event.key==pygame.K_SPACE:
        fire_bullets(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)
    elif event.key==pygame.K_q:#按q键退出界面
        renew_history_high_score(stats)###########
        pygame.quit()
        sys.exit()
    
def check_keyup_events(event,ship):
    if event.key==pygame.K_RIGHT:
        ship.moving_right=False
    elif event.key==pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left=False
    elif event.key==pygame.K_UP:
        ship.moving_up=False
    elif event.key==pygame.K_DOWN:
        ship.moving_down=False
    

def fire_bullets(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
    if len(bullets)<ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
            
        new_bullet=Bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship)
        bullets.add(new_bullet)


def check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,
                 bullets):

    for event in pygame.event.get():
        
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            renew_history_high_score(stats)###########
            pygame.quit()
            sys.exit()
        
        elif event.type==pygame.KEYDOWN:
            check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,bullets)
            ##########stats
        elif event.type==pygame.KEYUP:
            check_keyup_events(event,ship)
        elif event.type==pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
            mouse_x,mouse_y=pygame.mouse.get_pos()
            check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,
                              aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y)


def check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,
                      bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y):
    button_clicked=play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x,mouse_y)
    if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:
        ai_settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()
        #隐藏光标
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
        #重置统计信息
        stats.reset_stats()
        stats.game_active=True
        #重置记分牌图像
        sb.prep_score()
        sb.prep_high_score()
        sb.prep_level()
        sb.prep_ships()

        #清空外星人和子弹
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
        ship.center_ship()

                


def update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets,play_button):
    
    screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
    for bullet in bullets.sprites():
        bullet.draw_bullet()
    ship.blitme()
    #alien.blitme
    aliens.draw(screen)
    sb.show_score()
    #如果处于非活动状态，绘制Play按钮
    if not stats.game_active:
        play_button.draw_button()
    pygame.display.flip()

def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,
                                  ship,aliens,bullets):
    collisions=pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets,aliens,True,True)
    if collisions:
        for aliens in collisions.values():            
            stats.score+=ai_settings.alien_points*len(aliens)
            #每个值都是一个列表!!!
            sb.prep_score()
        check_high_score(stats,sb)
    if len(aliens)==0:
        
        bullets.empty()
        ai_settings.increase_speed()
        stats.level+=1
        sb.prep_level()
        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
    
def update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets):
    bullets.update()

    for bullet in bullets.copy():
        if bullet.rect.bottom<=0:
            bullets.remove(bullet)
    #碰撞后返回一个字典
    check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,
                                  ship,aliens,bullets)

def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien_width):
    available_space_x=ai_settings.screen_width-2*alien_width
    number_aliens_x=int(available_space_x/(2*alien_width))
    return number_aliens_x

def get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship_height,alien_height):
    ''''计算屏幕可容纳行数'''
    available_space_y=(ai_settings.screen_height-
                       (3*alien_height)-ship_height)
    number_rows=int(available_space_y/(2*alien_height))
    return number_rows


def create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number):
    alien=Alien(ai_settings,screen)
    alien_width=alien.rect.width
    alien.x=alien_width+2*alien_width*alien_number
    alien.rect.x=alien.x
    alien.rect.y=alien.rect.height+2*alien.rect.height*row_number
    aliens.add(alien)

def create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens):
    '''创建外星人群'''
    #外星人间距为外星人宽度
    alien=Alien(ai_settings,screen)
    number_aliens_x=get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien.rect.width)
    number_rows=get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship.rect.height,alien.rect.height)
    total_alien_number=number_aliens_x*number_rows
    for row_number in range(number_rows):
        for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
            #创建一个外星人并将其加入当前行
            create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,
                         row_number)




def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens):
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        alien.rect.y+=ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
    ai_settings.fleet_direction*=-1########


def ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    if stats.ships_left>0:
        
        stats.ships_left-=1
        sb.prep_ships()
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
        ship.center_ship()

        sleep(0.5)
    else:
        stats.game_active=False
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)

def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    screen_rect=screen.get_rect()
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.rect.bottom>=screen_rect.bottom:
            ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
            break

def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens):
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.check_edges():
            #change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens)
            #break
            alien.direction*=-1#random.choice([1,-1])
            alien.rect.y+=ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed

#def change_alien_direction()

def check_time(ai_settings,aliens):
    now=time.time()
    running_time=int(now-start)
    if running_time==1:
        for alien in aliens.sprites():
            alien.direction*=-1#random.choice([1,-1])
            alien.rect.y+=ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
    

def update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    #check_time(start,ai_settings,aliens)
    check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens)
    #check_time(ai_settings,aliens)
    aliens.update()

    if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship,aliens):
        ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
    check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)

def check_high_score(stats,sb):
    if stats.score>stats.high_score:
        stats.high_score=stats.score
        sb.prep_high_score()

def renew_history_high_score(stats):##########
    filename='highscore.txt'
    with open(filename) as file_object:
        lines=file_object.readlines()
    temp_string=''
    for line in lines:
        temp_string+=line.rstrip()
    if stats.high_score>eval(temp_string):
        with open(filename,'w') as file:
            file.write(str(stats.high_score))

最后给出程序的主要部分
主要部分中引入了pygame ，time以及Group
创建了 飞船对象，alien对象，子弹对象，游戏设置，游戏状态，游戏控制按钮，计分板。

 """
待加入项目:
1.引入历史最高分         ###   已完成
2.加入随机飞行系统       ###   基本完成/衰
"""

import pygame
import time
from pygame.sprite import Group
from game_stats import GameStats

from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from alien import Alien
from button import Button
from scoreboard import Scoreboard
import game_functions as gf

 
def run_game():
    #初始化对象并创建一个屏幕对象
    pygame.init()           #初始化
    ai_settings=Settings()
    screen=pygame.display.set_mode((
        ai_settings.screen_width,ai_settings.screen_height))
    pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
    #创建一个按钮
    play_button=Button(ai_settings,screen,'Play')
    ship=Ship(ai_settings,screen)#创建一个飞船 

    #创建一个子弹编组
    bullets=Group()
    aliens=Group()
    bg_color=(230,230,230)
    alien=Alien(ai_settings,screen)
    gf.create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
    #创建存储游戏统计信息的实例，并创建记分牌
    stats=GameStats(ai_settings)
    sb=Scoreboard(ai_settings,screen,stats)
    #start=time.time()
    while True:

    #监视键盘和鼠标事件
        gf.check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,
                 bullets)
        if stats.game_active:
            ship.update()
            gf.update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets)
            gf.update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
        gf.update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets,
                         play_button)


run_game()

chenk_events部分检测了鼠标以及键盘按键