前端常用的 HTTP 知识
360前端星计划-第七课
主讲:李成银老师
HTTP浏览器网络中的位置
HTTP是应用层协议
联网细节交给了通用的传输协议:TCP/UDP
- 请求/响应报文
<method> <request-URL> <version>
<headers>
<entity-body>
<version> <status> <respon-phrase>
<headers>
<entity-body>
- 请求类型
- 状态码
常见状态码
- URL
<scheme>://<user>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<path>;<params>?<query>#<frag>
http://<host>:<port>/<path>?<query>#<frag>
ftp://<user>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<path>;<params>
受限字符:%/.#?;:$+@&= 以及非US-ASCⅡ字符集字符
- Header 分类
通用
Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2019 02:16:00 GMT
Connection: close
请求
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 4.0.2; en-us; Galaxy Nexus Build/ICL53F) AppleWebKit/534.30 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/534.30
Accept: */*
响应
Server: Nginx
Last-Modified: Thu, 16 Oct 2019 10:15:16 GMT
实体
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 100
扩展(自定义)
X-Powered-By: thinkjs-3.0.4
X-Cache: hit
- Cookie
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: m.so.com
Connection: keep-alive
Cookie: __guid=34870781.3073803881376862000
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.2.9
Date: Wed, 08 Oct 2014 05:59:59 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Set-Cookie: thinkjs=s4mhqotbdbg9uh917lu8d5bub5; path=/
Content-Encoding: gzip
Set-Cookie: <name>=<value>[; <name>=<value>]... [; expires=<date>][; domain=<domain_name>] [; path=<some_path>][; secure][; httponly][; samesite=<samesite_value>]
响应头里也可以有多个 Set-Cooki
Cookie安全策略
path
domain (hostonly)
expires (max-age)
secure
httponly
SameSite
- XSS 漏洞盗取 Cookie,设置 httponly
- CSRF 漏洞,设置 token/samesite
-
Session
服务器侧对应为 Session,基于 Cookie 存放用户信息
Cookie 有效期为 Session(随浏览器进程退出而失效) -
Content-Type
application/x-www-form-urlencoded
multipart/form-data
application/json
text/xml
性能优化
- keep-alive
HTTP 1.0 原本不支持 Keep-Alive,后来扩充了 Connection: Keep-Alive
HTTP 1.1 默认支持 Keep-Alive,除非显式指明 Connection: close
- 减少网络传输大小
- 缓存
- http2/http3
HTTP2
·二进制传输
·多路复用
·头部压缩
·server push
HTTP3
·基于 QUIC 协议(UDP)
HTTP 抓包工具
- Wireshark
- Fiddler
- Firebug for Firefox
- Chrome 开发者工具
- IE8+ 自带的开发者工具
- telnet / curl
- Fiddler *
- Tamper for Firefox
- Postman for Chrome *
- Paw for OSX