[C++复习]11|working with files

[note 1]

fstream

• We must include this file in any program that uses files.

[note 2]

Here are 2 ways to open a file.

1. opening files using constructor
   (useful when manipulate 1 file)

[1]

ofstream outfile("result");   //output only

• outfile is an object of ofstream

[the program may contain statements like]:

outfile<<"total";
outfile<<sum;
infile>>number;

[2]

ifstream iffile("data");     //both output and input

2. opening file with open()

[example]

ofstream outfile;
outfile.open("data1");
...
outfile.close();
outfile.open("data2");
...
outfile.close();

//Reads the file created in Program 11.2
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<stdlib.h>                //for exit() function
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    const int SIZE=80;
    char line[SIZE];
    
    ifstream fin1,fin2;            //create two input streams
    fin1.open("country");
    fin2.open("capital");
    
    for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
    {
        if(fin1.eof()!=0)
        {
            cout << "Exit from country \n";
            exit(1);
        }
        fin1.getline(line,SIZE);
        cout << "Capital of " << line;
        
        if(fin2.eof()!=0)
        {
            cout << "Exit from capital\n";
            exit(1);
        }
        fin2.getline(line,SIZE);
        cout << line << "\n";
    }
    
    return 0;
}

[note 3]

fin.eof()     //return non-zero value when reach the end of a file
fin              //return zero when reach the end of a file

[note 4]

file mode parameters
app ate binary in out trunc nocreate noreplace

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    fstream  ioFile;										//L1
    ioFile.open("C:\\dk\\a.dat",ios::out);					//L2
    ioFile<<"Alexis"<<"  "<<76<<" "<<98<<" "<<67<<endl;		//L3
    ioFile<<"Bella"<<"  "<<89<<" "<<70<<" "<<60<<endl;
    ioFile<<"Charlie"<<"  "<<91<<" "<<88<<" "<<77<<endl;
    ioFile<<"David"<<"  "<<62<<" "<<81<<" "<<75<<endl;
    ioFile<<"Emily"<<"  "<<90<<" "<<78<<" "<<67<<endl;
    ioFile.close();											//L4
    ioFile.open("C:\\dk\\a.dat",ios::in|ios::binary);		//L5
    char name[10];
    int chinese,math,computer;
    cout<<"Name\t"<<"English\t"<<"Mathematics\t"<<"Computer\t"<<"Total"<<endl; //Display caption
    ioFile>>name;											//L6
    while(!ioFile.eof())									//L7
	{								
        ioFile>>chinese>>math>>computer;					//L8
        cout<<name<<"\t"<<chinese<<"\t"<<math<<"\t"<<computer<<"\t"
             <<chinese+math+computer<<endl;	
        ioFile>>name;
    }
    ioFile.close();											//L9

	return 0;
}

[note 5]

Functions for manipulation of file pointers
seekg()/seekp()/tellg()/tellp()

infile.seekg(10);
// point to the 11th byte.

seekg(10,ios::beg);

[example]

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

class Employee
{
private:
    int number ,age;
    char name[20];
    double sal;
public:
    Employee(){}
    Employee(int num,char* Name,int Age, double Salary)
    {
        number=num;
        strcpy(name,Name);
        age=Age;
        sal=Salary;
    }
    void display(){cout<<number<<"\t"<<name<<"\t"<<age<<"\t"<<sal<<endl;}
};

int main()
{
    ofstream out("Employee.dat",ios::out|ios::binary);
    Employee e1(1,"Frank",23,2320);
    Employee e2(2,"Grace",32,3210);
    Employee e3(3,"Harry",34,2220);
    Employee e4(4,"Jordan",27,1220);
    out.write((char*)&e1,sizeof(e1));
    out.write((char*)&e2,sizeof(e2));
    out.write((char*)&e3,sizeof(e3));
    out.write((char*)&e4,sizeof(e4));
    
    Employee e5(3,"Harry",40,2220);
    out.seekp(2*sizeof(e1));
    out.write((char*)&e5,sizeof(e5));
    out.close();
    
    ifstream in("Employee.dat",ios::in|ios::binary);
    Employee s1;
    cout<<"\n-------The data of the third person read from the file-----\n\n";
    in.seekg(2*(sizeof(s1)),ios::beg);
    in.read((char*)&s1,sizeof(s1));
    s1.display();
    
    cout<<"\n---------All the data read from the file------\n\n";
    in.seekg(0,ios::beg);
    in.read((char*)&s1,sizeof(s1));
    while(!in.eof())
    {
        s1.display();
        in.read((char*)&s1,sizeof(s1));
    }
}

[note 6]

I/O operations
[1]
cin/cout
[2]
put()/get()

#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<string.h>

int main()
{
	char string[80];

	cout << "Enter a string \n";
	cin >> string;
	int len=strlen(string);

	fstream file;				//input and output stream
	file.open("Text", ios::in|ios::out);

	//On receieving the string, the program writes it, character by character,to the file using the put() function in a for loop
	//The length of the string is used to terminate the for loop.
	for(int i=0;i<len;i++)
		file.put(string[i]);	//put a character to file

	file.seekg(0);				//go to the start

	char ch;
	while(file)
	{
		file.get(ch);			//get a character from file
		cout << ch;				//display it on screen
	}

	return 0;
}

[3]
write()/read()
[form]:

infile.read((char*)&V,sizeof(V));
outfile.write((char*)&V,sizeof(V));