MySQL26-35:内连接和外连接

开始时间:2021-03-08

查询结果去重

distinct

mysql> select * from emp;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME  | JOB       | MGR  | HIREDATE   | SAL     | COMM    | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
|  7369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
|  7521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
|  7566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
|  7698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
|  7876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select distinct job from emp;
+-----------+
| job       |
+-----------+
| CLERK     |
| SALESMAN  |
| MANAGER   |
| ANALYST   |
| PRESIDENT |
+-----------+

distinct只能出现在所有字段的最前面
所以下面代码会报错

mysql> select ename,distinct job from emp;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'distinct job from emp' at line 1

如果多个条件并行
那么只有多字段同时重复的,才去重

mysql> select distinct ename,job from emp;
+--------+-----------+
| ename  | job       |
+--------+-----------+
| SMITH  | CLERK     |
| ALLEN  | SALESMAN  |
| WARD   | SALESMAN  |
| JONES  | MANAGER   |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN  |
| BLAKE  | MANAGER   |
| CLARK  | MANAGER   |
| SCOTT  | ANALYST   |
| KING   | PRESIDENT |
| TURNER | SALESMAN  |
| ADAMS  | CLERK     |
| JAMES  | CLERK     |
| FORD   | ANALYST   |
| MILLER | CLERK     |
+--------+-----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select distinct job,ename from emp;
+-----------+--------+
| job       | ename  |
+-----------+--------+
| CLERK     | SMITH  |
| SALESMAN  | ALLEN  |
| SALESMAN  | WARD   |
| MANAGER   | JONES  |
| SALESMAN  | MARTIN |
| MANAGER   | BLAKE  |
| MANAGER   | CLARK  |
| ANALYST   | SCOTT  |
| PRESIDENT | KING   |
| SALESMAN  | TURNER |
| CLERK     | ADAMS  |
| CLERK     | JAMES  |
| ANALYST   | FORD   |
| CLERK     | MILLER |
+-----------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select distinct job,deptno from emp;
+-----------+--------+
| job       | deptno |
+-----------+--------+
| CLERK     |     20 |
| SALESMAN  |     30 |
| MANAGER   |     20 |
| MANAGER   |     30 |
| MANAGER   |     10 |
| ANALYST   |     20 |
| PRESIDENT |     10 |
| CLERK     |     30 |
| CLERK     |     10 |
+-----------+--------+

连接查询

在实际开发中,大部分的情况下都不是从单表中查询数据,一般都是多张表联合查询取出最终的结果。

在实际开发中,一般一个业务都会对应多张表,比如:学生和班级,起码两张表

根据表的连接方式来划分,包括:

  • 内连接:
    等值连接
    非等值连接
    自连接
  • 外连接:
    左外连接(左连接)
    右外连接(右连接)
    全连接(这个不讲,很少用!)

内连接:
假设A和B表进行连接,使用内连接的话,凡是A表和s表能够匹配上的记录查询出来,匹配不出来的就不显示,这就是内连接。AB两张表没有主副之分,两张表是平等的。
外连接:
假设x和s表进行连接,使用外连接的话,AB两张表中有一张表是主表,一张表是副表,主要查询主表中的数据,捎带着查询副表,当副表中的数据没有和主表中的数据匹配上,副表自动模拟出Null与之匹配。

笛卡尔积现象

笛卡尔积现象:当两张表进行连接查询的时候,没有任何条件进行限制,最终的查询结果条数是两张表记录条数的乘积。

例如emp表

mysql> select * from emp;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME  | JOB       | MGR  | HIREDATE   | SAL     | COMM    | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
|  7369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
|  7521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
|  7566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
|  7698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
|  7876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME      | LOC      |
+--------+------------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+------------+----------+

要查询每个员工的姓名,以及部门,还有部门对应的编号

mysql> select ename,dname from emp,dept;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH  | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| SMITH  | SALES      |
| SMITH  | OPERATIONS |
| ALLEN  | ACCOUNTING |
| ALLEN  | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| ALLEN  | OPERATIONS |
| WARD   | ACCOUNTING |
| WARD   | RESEARCH   |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| WARD   | OPERATIONS |
| JONES  | ACCOUNTING |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| JONES  | SALES      |
| JONES  | OPERATIONS |
| MARTIN | ACCOUNTING |
| MARTIN | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| MARTIN | OPERATIONS |
| BLAKE  | ACCOUNTING |
| BLAKE  | RESEARCH   |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | OPERATIONS |
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| CLARK  | RESEARCH   |
| CLARK  | SALES      |
| CLARK  | OPERATIONS |
| SCOTT  | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| SCOTT  | SALES      |
| SCOTT  | OPERATIONS |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| KING   | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | SALES      |
| KING   | OPERATIONS |
| TURNER | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | RESEARCH   |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| TURNER | OPERATIONS |
| ADAMS  | ACCOUNTING |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| ADAMS  | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | OPERATIONS |
| JAMES  | ACCOUNTING |
| JAMES  | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
| JAMES  | OPERATIONS |
| FORD   | ACCOUNTING |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| FORD   | SALES      |
| FORD   | OPERATIONS |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | SALES      |
| MILLER | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
56 rows in set (0.00 sec)

当没有用where进行条件限制时,得到的结果条数56=14*4
即把A表每一条和B表的每一条都会匹配
给表起别名,可读性好,执行效率高,上面的语句可以做一点修改

mysql> select ename,dname from emp,dept;
//二者等价
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname from emp e,dept d;

我们的目标是两个表中取相同的部分,因此要加上where限制
匹配次数还是没变,不能提高效率,但是显示记录会进行过滤,

mysql> select e.ename,d.dname from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno;//但这种方式过时了,属于sql92
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
+--------+------------+

内连接之等值连接

改写为sql99的写法
语法格式:

...
A
inner join//inner可以省略
B
on 
	连接条件
where
...
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname from emp e join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename  | dname      |
+--------+------------+
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH  | RESEARCH   |
| JONES  | RESEARCH   |
| SCOTT  | RESEARCH   |
| ADAMS  | RESEARCH   |
| FORD   | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | SALES      |
| WARD   | SALES      |
| MARTIN | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | SALES      |
| TURNER | SALES      |
| JAMES  | SALES      |
+--------+------------+

用99语法的好处在于,可以再添加一个where进行过滤

内连接-非等值连接

连接关系为非等量关系
查询emp表中员工工资对应salgrade表中各工资的等级

mysql> select e.ename,e.sal,s.grade from emp e join salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
+--------+---------+-------+

内连接之自连接

一张表看做两张表,自己连接自己。

找出每个员工的直系领导名

mysql> select * from emp;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME  | JOB       | MGR  | HIREDATE   | SAL     | COMM    | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
|  7369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
|  7521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
|  7566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
|  7698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
|  7876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+

如上表所示,MGR的编号对应着boss的编号
这时候可以把一张表命名为两张表,再来定义连接

mysql> select e.ename,m.ename as boss from emp e join emp m on m.empno=e.mgr;
+--------+-------+
| ename  | boss  |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH  | FORD  |
| ALLEN  | BLAKE |
| WARD   | BLAKE |
| JONES  | KING  |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE  | KING  |
| CLARK  | KING  |
| SCOTT  | JONES |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS  | SCOTT |
| JAMES  | BLAKE |
| FORD   | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+

外连接

自连接改外连接
匹配不上就用null

mysql> select e.ename,m.ename as boss from emp e left join emp m on m.empno=e.mgr;
//在join旁边加上left outer(outer可以省),表示左连接,即把左表定义为主表
+--------+-------+
| ename  | boss  |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH  | FORD  |
| ALLEN  | BLAKE |
| WARD   | BLAKE |
| JONES  | KING  |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE  | KING  |
| CLARK  | KING  |
| SCOTT  | JONES |
| KING   | NULL  |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS  | SCOTT |
| JAMES  | BLAKE |
| FORD   | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+
mysql> select e.ename,m.ename as boss from emp m right join emp e on m.empno=e.mgr;
+--------+-------+
| ename  | boss  |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH  | FORD  |
| ALLEN  | BLAKE |
| WARD   | BLAKE |
| JONES  | KING  |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE  | KING  |
| CLARK  | KING  |
| SCOTT  | JONES |
| KING   | NULL  |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS  | SCOTT |
| JAMES  | BLAKE |
| FORD   | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+

查出哪个部门没有员工

mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME      | LOC      |
+--------+------------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+------------+----------+

部门40是没有员工的,查出来

mysql> select d.* from dept d left join emp e on d.deptno =e.deptno where e.deptno is null;
//将部门表设为主表,条件是两表的部门号相等,再加上过滤掉部门号不为空的,保留为空的
mysql> select d.* from dept d left join emp e on d.deptno =e.deptno where e.deptno is null;
+--------+------------+--------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME      | LOC    |
+--------+------------+--------+
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+--------+

三张表以上的连接查询

案例:找出每一个员工的部门名称及工资等级
单独进行两两匹配

select e.ename,e.sal,s.grade from emp e join salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
select e.ename,d.dname from emp e join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;

连接在一起

select XX
from XX
join XX
on XX=XX
join XX
on XX=XX

select e.ename,e.sal,s.grade,d.dname from emp e 
join salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal 
join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+---------+-------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | grade | dname      |
+--------+---------+-------+------------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 | SALES      |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 | SALES      |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 | SALES      |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 | SALES      |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+-------+------------+

案例:找出每一个员工的部门名称,工资等级以及上级领导
找领导

mysql> select e.ename,m.ename as boss from emp e join emp m on m.empno=e.mgr;

这里有个坑,之前查询不加外连接,顶多是不显示这个king的记录,这里会直接报错
所以一定要用外连接

select e.ename,e.sal,s.grade,d.dname,m.ename as boss from emp e 
join salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal 
join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno
 left join emp m on m.empno=e.mgr;//left不能少
+--------+---------+-------+------------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade | dname      | boss  |
+--------+---------+-------+------------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 | RESEARCH   | FORD  |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 | SALES      | BLAKE |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 | SALES      | BLAKE |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 | RESEARCH   | KING  |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 | SALES      | BLAKE |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 | SALES      | KING  |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 | ACCOUNTING | KING  |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 | RESEARCH   | JONES |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 | ACCOUNTING | NULL  |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 | SALES      | BLAKE |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 | RESEARCH   | SCOTT |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 | SALES      | BLAKE |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 | RESEARCH   | JONES |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 | ACCOUNTING | CLARK |
+--------+---------+-------+------------+-------+

结束时间:2021-03-10

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