string简化版allocator分配内存

通过allocator类来分配内存实现简化版string

功能:

• String(const char*)和String(const std::string)接受隐式类型转换
• 重载string的多种运算符:[],+,+=,<<,>>
• 实现string多个成员函数size(),等
• 构造函数和析构函数对原始内存的分配和释放,

内存分配问题

1. allocator<>类分配的是原始内存,结合construct()来构造对象(此处是char内置类型)
2. for_each()+lambda实现对象的destroy

拷贝控制操作

1. String(const String&) 拷贝构造函数
2. String& operator=(const String&)拷贝复制运算符vim
3. reallocate()中通过std::move()返回右值引用.

细节

1. 通过下标[]访问返回char&,赋值给char*或者char&都能修改String的单个字符(未定义成const)

• 在.h文件中声明了char _temp_arr[size]全局变量,即使重载+返回char*(使得不必声明const char*变量来接收),但它隐式的为const char*,原因如下:

关于c++ 字符串常量

• 字符串常量c++标准看做为一个const char*的地址,存储在静态内存区(但它并不是静态变量,只是行为上相似,字符串常量很少需要被修改,放在静态内存区提高效率),它是常量.

1. char* p = "example"

• g++编译时的警告:
  warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to ‘char*’ [-Wwrite-strings] char* p = "test" ;
• c程序可以这样声明
• 字符串常量是无法被修改的.

String.h

#ifndef STRING_H
#define STRING_H

#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
const int size = 1000;
char _temp_arr[size];

class String {
    friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream&,const String&);
    friend std::istream& operator >> (std::istream&,String&);

    friend String& operator += (String& lhs,const String& rhs);
    friend char* operator + (String& lhs,String& rhs);

public:
    String():_begin(nullptr),_first_free(nullptr),_end(nullptr) {}
    String(const char*);
    String(const std::string&);
    String& operator= (const String&);
    ~String();

    char& operator[](const size_t&); //返回的char& 在内存未被回收的情况下可以通过[]改变
    const char* c_str() const { return _begin; }
    size_t size() const { return _first_free-_begin; }
    bool empty() const { return _first_free-_begin?0:1; }
    char* begin() const { return _begin; }
    char* end() const { return _end; }
    size_t capacity() const { return _end-_begin; }
    size_t remain() const { return _end-_first_free; }

private:
    static std::allocator<char> alloc;
    void free();
    void reallocate();
    std::pair<char*,char*>
        alloc_n_copy(const char*,const char*);

    char* _begin;
    char* _first_free;
    char* _end;
};
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out,const String& rhs) {
    out << rhs._begin;
    return out;
}
std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in,String& rhs) {
    char p[size];
    in >> p;
    rhs = p;
    return in;
}

String& operator+=(String& lhs,const String& rhs) {
    if (lhs.remain() > rhs.size()) {
        auto dest = rhs._begin;
        for (size_t i=0; i<rhs.size(); ++i)
            lhs.alloc.construct(lhs._first_free++,*dest++);
    } else {
        lhs.reallocate();
        auto dest = rhs._begin;
        for (size_t i=0; i<rhs.size(); ++i)
            lhs.alloc.construct(lhs._first_free++,*dest++);
    }
    return lhs;
}

char* operator+(String& lhs,String& rhs) {
    strcpy(_temp_arr,lhs._begin);
    auto temp_ptr = _temp_arr + strlen(_temp_arr);
    strcpy(temp_ptr,rhs._begin);
    return _temp_arr;
}

char& String::operator[](const size_t& index) {
    if (index < size())
        return *(_begin + index);
}

std::pair<char*,char*>
String::alloc_n_copy(const char* b,const char* c) {
    auto newdata = alloc.allocate(c-b);
    return {newdata,std::uninitialized_copy(b,c,newdata)};
}
String::String(const char* p) {
    int len = strlen(p);
    auto newdata = alloc_n_copy(p,p+len);
    _begin = newdata.first;
    _end = _first_free = newdata.second;
}
String::String(const std::string& s) {
    int len = s.size();
    auto newdata = alloc_n_copy(&s[0],&s[len]);
    _begin = newdata.first;
    _end = _first_free = newdata.second;
}
void String::free() {
    std::for_each(_begin,_end,
            [](char& p){ alloc.destroy(&p); });
    alloc.deallocate(_begin,_end-_begin);
}
String::~String() { free(); }

String& String::operator= (const String& rhs) {
    auto newdata = alloc_n_copy(rhs.begin(),rhs.end());
    free();
    _begin = newdata.first;
    _end = _first_free = newdata.second;
    return *this;
}
void String::reallocate() {
    auto newcapacity = size() ? 2*size() : 1;
    auto newdata = alloc.allocate(newcapacity);

    auto dest = newdata;
    auto elem = _begin;
    for (size_t i=0; i<size(); ++i)
        alloc.construct(dest++,std::move(*elem++));
    free();
    _begin = newdata;
    _first_free = dest;
    _end = _begin + newcapacity;
}
#endif

test.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "String.h"
std::allocator<char> String::alloc;
int main() {
    String temp1("luchao |");
    String temp2 = "is a boy";
    String temp3 = temp2 + temp1;

    std::cout << "temp3=" << temp3 << std::endl;
    temp3 = " new string X";
    std::cout << "temp3=" << temp3 << std::endl;

    char* p = temp2 + temp1;
    std::cout << "p=" << p << std::endl;

    std::cout << "[]=" << temp2[2] << "|" << std::endl;
    char* pp = &temp2[3];
    *pp = 'X';
    std::cout << "*pp=" << *pp << std::endl;
    std::cout << "temp2=" << temp2 << std::endl;
    return 0;
}