高级shell扩展---getopts命令

getopts

getopts是linux系统中的一个内置变量，一般用在循环中。每当执行循环时，getopts都会检查下一个命令选项，如果这些选项出现在option中，则表示是合法选项，并将这些合法选项保存在VARIABLE这个变量中，否则不是合法选项。

语法格式：

getopts [option[:]] [DESCPRITION] VARIABLE
    option：表示为某个脚本可以使用的选项
    ":"：如果某个选项（option）后面出现了冒号（":"），则表示这个选项后面可以接参数
    VARIABLE：表示将某个选项保存在变量VARIABLE中

例：

#!/bin/bash
#
NO_ARGS=0
E_OPTERROR=65

if [ $# -eq "$NO_ARGS" ];then
  echo "Usage: `basename $0` options (-mnopqrs)"
  exit $E_OPTERROR
fi

while getopts ":mnopq:rs" Option
do
  case $Option in
  m ) echo "Scenario #1: option -m- [OPTIND=${OPTIND}]";;
  n | o ) echo "Scenario #2: option -$Option- [OPTIND=${OPTIND}]";;
  p ) echo "Scenario #3: option -p- [OPTIND=${OPTIND}]";;
  q ) echo "Scenario #4: option -q- with argument \"$OPTARG\" [OPTIND=${OPTIND}]";;
  r | s ) echo "Scenario #5: option -$Option-";;
  * ) echo "Unimplemented option chosen.";;
  esac
done

shift $(($OPTIND - 1))

exit 0

这里":"表示，执行此脚本时，选项-q后面必须要加参数

[root@localhost aaa]# sh 1.sh -q 
Unimplemented option chosen.
[root@localhost aaa]# sh 1.sh -q 123
Scenario #4: option -q- with argument "123" [OPTIND=3]

getopts包含两个内置变量OPTARG和OPTIND
OPTARG：将选项后面的参数保存在这个变量当中
OPTIND：表示命令行的下一个选项或参数的索引(我的理解就是位置变量的位置)

例：

#!/bin/bash
#
while getopts ':b:d:' OPT &> /dev/null
do
  case $OPT in
  b)
    echo "The options is b"
    echo "argument is $OPTARG";;
  d)
    echo "The options is d"
    echo "argument is $OPTARG";;
  *)
    echo "Wrong Options"
    exit 7 ;;
esac
done
echo $OPTIND
shift $[$OPTIND-1]
echo $1

执行脚本时，显示的结果如下

[root@localhost aaa]# sh 1.sh -d nice fixnale
The options is d
nice
3
fixnale

当输入-d时，$OPT=d,$OPTARG=“nice”
这里有一个选项（-d）和一个参数(‘nice’)，$OPTIND指向命令行中下一个选项或参数的索引位置，因此这里即为3。
shift $[$OPTIND-1]表示将文件名前面的选项和参数踢掉

下面的例子用于理解$OPTIND

#!/bin/bash
#
while getopts ':wpfb:d:' OPT &> /dev/null
do
  case $OPT in
  w)
    echo "The options is w"
    echo "next index is $OPTIND";;
  p)
    echo "The options is p"
    echo "next index is $OPTIND";;
  f)
    echo "The options is f"
    echo "next index is $OPTIND";;
  b)
    echo "The options is b"
    echo "argument is $OPTARG"
    echo "next index is $OPTIND";;
  d)
    echo "The options is d"
    echo "argument is $OPTARG"
    echo "next index is $OPTIND";;
  *)
    echo "Wrong Options"
    exit 7 ;;
esac
done
echo $OPTIND
shift $[$OPTIND-1]
echo $1

执行方式一：-wpf

[root@localhost aaa]# sh 1.sh -wpf
The options is w
next index is 1
The options is p
next index is 1
The options is f
next index is 2
2

执行方式二：-w -p -f

[root@localhost aaa]# sh 1.sh -w -p -f 
The options is w
next index is 2
The options is p
next index is 3
The options is f
next index is 4
4

执行方式三：-wpfd abc 2.txt

[root@localhost aaa]# sh 1.sh -wpfd abc 2.txt 
The options is w
next index is 1
The options is p
next index is 1
The options is f
next index is 1
The options is d
argument is abc
next index is 3
3
2.txt

执行方式四：-w -p -f -d abc 2.txt

[root@localhost aaa]# sh 1.sh -w -p -f -d abc 2.txt 
The options is w
next index is 2
The options is p
next index is 3
The options is f
next index is 4
The options is d
argument is abc
next index is 6
6
2.txt