字典类型
1 定义
定义:{}内用逗号分隔开多个key:value,其中value可以使用任意类型。但是key必须是不可变类型,且不能重复。
d = {'k1': 111, 1: 222} # d=dict({'k1': 111, 1: 222})
print(d['k1'])
print(d[1])
d = {} # 默认定义出来的是空字典
d = dict(x=1, y=2, z=3)
print(d) # {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
2 数据类型转换
2.1 列表转换成字典
方式一:
info = [
['name', 'zhoushun'],
['age', 18],
['gender', 'male']
]
d = {}
for item in info:
d[item[0]] = item[1]
print(d)
方式二:
info = [
['name', 'zhoushun'],
['age', 18],
['gender', 'male']
]
d = {}
for k, v in info: # k,v=['name', 'egon']
d[k] = v
print(d)
方式三:
info = [
['name', 'zhoushun'],
['age', 18],
['gender', 'male']
]
res = dict(info) # 一行代码搞定上述for循环的工作
print(res)
2.2 初始化字典
方式一:
keys = ['name', 'age', 'gender']
d = {}
for k in keys:
d[k] = None
print(d)
方式二:
keys = ['name', 'age', 'gender']
d = {}.fromkeys(keys,None) # None初始值
print(d)
3 内置方法
3.1 按key存取值:可存可取
针对赋值操作:key存在,则修改:
d = {'k1': 111}
# 针对赋值操作:key存在,则修改
d['k1'] = 222
print(d)
针对赋值操作:key不存在,则创建新值:
d = {'k1': 111}
d['k2'] = 333
print(d)
3.2 长度len
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
print(len(d))
3.3 成员运算in 和 not in:根据key
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
print('k1' in d) # True
print('k1' not in d) # False
3.4 删除
3.4.1 通用删除del
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
del d['k1']
print(d)
3.4.2 pop()删除
pop()删除:根据key删除元素,返回删除key对应的那个value值
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
res = d.pop('k2')
print(res) # 232
3.4.3 popitem删除
popitem删除:随机删除,返回元组(删除的key,删除的value)
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
res = d.popitem()
print(d) # {'k1': 11}
print(res) # ('k2', 232)
3.5 循环
循环输出key值:
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
for k in d:
print(k)
print(list(d.keys()))
print(list(d.values()))
print(list(d.items()))
循环输出value值:
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
for v in d.values():
print(v)
循环输出key值 和 value值:
for k, v in d.items():
print(k,v)
简化以上操作:
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
print(list(d.keys()))
print(list(d.values()))
print(list(d.items()))
4 需要掌握的内置方法
4.1 clear()
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
d.clear()
print(d)
4.2 update()
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
d.update({'k3': 333})
print(d)
4.3 get()
d = {'k1': 11, 'k2': 232}
print(d.get('k1')) # 11
print(d.get('k3')) # key不存在不报错,返回None
4.4 setdefault()
info = {}
if 'name' in info:
... # 等同于pass
else:
info['name'] = 'zhoushun'
print(info)
4.4.1 如果key有则不添加,返回字典中key对应的值
info = {'name': 'zhoushun'}
res = info.setdefault('name', 'zhoushun')
print(info)
print(res)
4.4.2 如果key没有则添加,返回字典中key对应的值
info = {}
res = info.setdefault('name', 'zhoushun')
print(res)
print(info)