python defautdict 函数的用法

defautdict() 函数有三种用法。defaultdict(a),a代表字典key对应的value的类型,同时key可以是任意的类型。
比如：

Q = defaultdict(lambda: np.zeros(2))
print(Q['s'])
print(Q[222])
print(Q[(1,3,4)])
OUT：
[0. 0.]
[0. 0.]
[0. 0.]

最后结果都是一样的。
一、普通dict
实例代码如下：

from collections import defaultdict
ice_cream = defaultdict(lambda: 'Vanilla')
ice_cream['Sarah'] = 'Chunky Monkey'
ice_cream['Abdul'] = 'Butter Pecan'
print(ice_cream['Sarah'])
#out :Chunky Monkey

2、直接统计出现频次，并且以统计的对象作为key,统计的结果作为对应的值
实例代码如下：

food_list = 'spam spam spam spam spam spam eggs spam'.split()
food_count = defaultdict(int) # default value of int is 0
for food in food_list:
    food_count[food] += 1 # increment element's value by 1
print(food_count)
#out:defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {'eggs': 1, 'spam': 7})

3、字典的value成为一个列表。
实例代码如下：

city_list = [('TX','Austin'), ('TX','Houston'), ('NY','Albany'), ('NY', 'Syracuse'), ('NY', 'Buffalo'), ('NY', 'Rochester'), ('TX', 'Dallas'), ('CA','Sacramento'), ('CA', 'Palo Alto'), ('GA', 'Atlanta')]
cities_by_state = defaultdict(list)
for state, city in city_list:
    cities_by_state[state].append(city)
for state, cities in cities_by_state.items():
     print(state, ', '.join(cities))
   #out:GA Atlanta
TX Austin, Houston, Dallas
CA Sacramento, Palo Alto
NY Albany, Syracuse, Buffalo, Rochester