VoLTE 通话流程及TFT

随想

每一个终端要使用数据业务，在注册的时候必须被网络分配一个ip地址。而实际上这个ip地址只能算是运营商网络内部ip，因为终端在面对外部互联网（PDN）的时候是通过PGW/GGSN作为网关的。
然鹅终端在无线网络内部本来就有各种身份标识用于完成无线网络通信（IMSI，TMSI，IMEI等等），那么引入终端的ip地址的目的是什么呢？
只是为了在无线协议层只是使用ip协议，得到ip协议的灵活性等好处吗？就像VoLTE使用sip一样？还有没有其他原因呢？

IP地址分配及EPS bearer

LTE网络会在终端首次注册时建立默认承载（default EPS bearer），并在默认承载中分配ip地址。


这是LTE默认APN的默认承载激活过程，默认APN一般是用于普通数据业务的。
然后VoLTE应用会激活IMS APN及其默认承载。

可以看到的是，VoLTE的ip和默认APN的ip并不相同。

EPS承载及TFT

关于EPS bearer及TFT这里有一篇讲得很清楚，转在这里。
https://www.cnblogs.com/kkdd-2013/p/3863710.html

数据包过滤器：
通常是在数据包传送过程中允许或阻止它们的通过。如果要完成数据包过滤，就要设置好规则来指定哪些类型的数据包被允许通过和哪些类型的数据包将会被阻止。
TFT（Traffic Flow Template）：
是关联到EPS承载上的一个数据包过滤器的集合，分为上行过滤模版UL TFT（UpLink TFT）和下行过滤模版DL TFT（DownLink TFT）。 UL TFT是一组上行数据包过滤器，DL TFT是一组下行数据包过滤器。每一个专用承载都关联一个TFT。
UE通过UL TFT把上行数据映射到TFT关联的承载上传输，P-GW通过DL TFT把下行的数据映射到TFT关联的承载上传输。
EPS承载（EPS Bearer）：
是UE和P-GW之间的一个或多个业务数据流SDF（Service Data Flow）的逻辑聚合，包括Radio Bearer、S1 Bearer和S5/S8 Bearer。

说明：
1）UE通过UL TFT将上行数据映射到一个EPS承载上；
2) PDN GW通过DL TFT将下行数据映射到一个EPS承载上；
3) 通过Radio Bearer在UE和eNodeB之间的空口上传输数据。Radio Bearer和EPS承载一一对应。
4) 通过S1 Bearer在eNodeB和S-GW之间传输数据；
5) An E-RAB (E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer)指的就是Radio Bearer，和与其关联的S1 Bearer；
6) 通过S5/S8 Bearer在S-GW和PDN GW之间传输数据；
7) UE保存了上行过滤器(uplink packet filter)和Radio Bearer之间的映射；
8) PDN GW保存了下行过滤器(downlink packet filter)和S5/S8 Bearer之间的映射；
9) S-GW保存了S1 Bearer和S5/S8 Bearer之间的映射。
承载分为：缺省承载(default)和专用承载(dedicated)
EPS系统中，在进行Attach的同时，为用户建立一个缺省承载，保证其基本的业务需求。在PDN连接存在期间，缺省承载上下文始终保持激活，这样，就给UE提供“永远在线”的IP连接。
专用承载上下文表示UE和PDN之间额外的承载。专用承载总是有一个关联的缺省承载。专用承载可以释放，并不影响缺省承载。通过赋予指定的TFT(传输流模板Traffic Flow Template )和QoS(Quality of Service)，专用承载可完成特定的业务。

VoLTE电话流程

IMS在默认承载建立后完成注册，然后才可以打VoLTE电话。
MO端的VoLTE电话流程如下：

网络在100 trying之后会激活专用承载，专用承载里面会create new TFT。这里的专用承载中的TFT没有包含ip地址信息，因此后面还会有专用承载的modify过程。

MT端的流程如下：

MT在收到paging后发起Service Request建立RRC 连接。
网络在183 SESSION PROGRESS后激活专用承载，专用承载中create new TFT。

附：

重要消息的内容例子

LTE NAS EMM Plain OTA Outgoing Message – Attach request Msg（含PDN Connectivity Request）

Subscription ID = 1
pkt_version = 1 (0x1)
rel_number = 9 (0x9)
rel_version_major = 5 (0x5)
rel_version_minor = 0 (0x0)
security_header_or_skip_ind = 0 (0x0)
prot_disc = 7 (0x7) (EPS mobility management messages)
msg_type = 65 (0x41) (Attach request)
lte_emm_msg
emm_attach_request
tsc = 0 (0x0) (cached sec context)
nas_key_set_id = 3 (0x3)
att_type = 2 (0x2) (combined EPS/IMSI attach)
eps_mob_id
id_type = 6 (0x6) (GUTI)
odd_even_ind = 0 (0x0)
Guti_1111 = 15 (0xf)
mcc_1 = 2 (0x2)
mcc_2 = 2 (0x2)
mcc_3 = 8 (0x8)
mnc_3 = 15 (0xf)
mnc_1 = 0 (0x0)
mnc_2 = 2 (0x2)
MME_group_id = 32770 (0x8002)
MME_code = 24 (0x18)
m_tmsi = 3254548600 (0xc1fc7878)
ue_netwk_cap
EEA0 = 1 (0x1)
EEA1_128 = 1 (0x1)
EEA2_128 = 1 (0x1)
EEA3_128 = 1 (0x1)
EEA4 = 0 (0x0)
EEA5 = 0 (0x0)
EEA6 = 0 (0x0)
EEA7 = 0 (0x0)
EIA0 = 0 (0x0)
EIA1_128 = 1 (0x1)
EIA2_128 = 1 (0x1)
EIA3_128 = 1 (0x1)
EIA4 = 0 (0x0)
EIA5 = 0 (0x0)
EIA6 = 0 (0x0)
EIA7 = 0 (0x0)
oct5_incl = 1 (0x1)
UEA0 = 1 (0x1)
UEA1 = 1 (0x1)
UEA2 = 0 (0x0)
UEA3 = 0 (0x0)
UEA4 = 0 (0x0)
UEA5 = 0 (0x0)
UEA6 = 0 (0x0)
UEA7 = 0 (0x0)
oct6_incl = 1 (0x1)
UCS2 = 0 (0x0)
UIA1 = 1 (0x1)
UIA2 = 0 (0x0)
UIA3 = 0 (0x0)
UIA4 = 0 (0x0)
UIA5 = 0 (0x0)
UIA6 = 0 (0x0)
UIA7 = 0 (0x0)
oct7_incl = 1 (0x1)
ProSedd = 0 (0x0)
ProSe = 0 (0x0)
H_245_ASH = 0 (0x0)
ACC_CSFB = 1 (0x1)
LPP = 1 (0x1)
LCS = 0 (0x0)
vcc_1xsr = 0 (0x0)
NF = 1 (0x1)
oct8_incl = 1 (0x1)
ePCO = 0 (0x0)
HC_CPCIoT = 0 (0x0)
ERwoPDN = 0 (0x0)
S1_Udata = 0 (0x0)
UPCIoT = 0 (0x0)
CPCIoT = 0 (0x0)
Prose_Relay = 0 (0x0)
Prose_dc = 0 (0x0)
oct9_incl = 1 (0x1)
bearers = 0 (0x0)
SGC = 0 (0x0)
N1Mode = 0 (0x0)
DCNR = 1 (0x1)
Cp_Backoff = 0 (0x0)
Restric_IEC = 0 (0x0)
V2X_PCS = 0 (0x0)
multiDRB = 0 (0x0)
oct10_incl = 0 (0x0)
oct11_incl = 0 (0x0)
oct12_incl = 0 (0x0)
oct13_incl = 0 (0x0)
oct14_incl = 0 (0x0)
oct15_incl = 0 (0x0)
esm_msg_container
eps_bearer_id_or_skip_id = 0 (0x0)
prot_disc = 2 (0x2) (EPS session management messages)
trans_id = 13 (0xd)
msg_type = 208 (0xd0) (PDN connectivity request)
lte_esm_msg
pdn_connectivity_req
pdn_type = 3 (0x3) (Ipv4v6)
req_type = 1 (0x1) (initial request)
info_trans_flag_incl = 1 (0x1)
esm_info_trans_flag = 1 (0x1)
access_pt_name_incl = 0 (0x0)
prot_config_incl = 1 (0x1)
prot_config
ext = 1 (0x1)
conf_prot = 0 (0x0)
num_recs = 5 (0x5)
sm_prot[0]
protocol_id = 32801 (0x8021) (IPCP)
prot_len = 16 (0x10)
ipcp_prot
ipcp_prot_id = 1 (0x1) (CONF_REQ)
identifier = 0 (0x0)
rfc1332_conf_req
num_options = 2 (0x2)
conf_options[0]
type = 129 (0x81)
rfc1877_primary_dns_server_add
length = 6 (0x6)
ip_addr = 0 (0x0) (0.0.0.0)
conf_options[1]
type = 131 (0x83)
rfc1877_sec_dns_server_add
length = 6 (0x6)
ip_addr = 0 (0x0) (0.0.0.0)
sm_prot[1]
protocol_id = 13 (0xd) (DNS Server IPv4 Address Requestt)
prot_len = 0 (0x0)
sm_prot[2]
protocol_id = 3 (0x3) (DNS Server IPv6 Addr Req)
prot_len = 0 (0x0)
sm_prot[3]
protocol_id = 10 (0xa) (IP address allocation via NAS signalling)
prot_len = 0 (0x0)
sm_prot[4]
protocol_id = 5 (0x5) (NWK Req Bearer Control indicator)
prot_len = 0 (0x0)
num_recs2 = 2 (0x2)
sm_container[0]
container_id = 16 (0x10) (Ipv4 Link MTU Request)
container_len = 0 (0x0)
sm_container[1]
container_id = 17 (0x11) (MS support of Local address in TFT indicator)
container_len = 0 (0x0)
dev_properties_incl = 0 (0x0)
nbifom_incl = 0 (0x0)
header_compression_config_inclu = 0 (0x0)
ext_prot_config_incl = 0 (0x0)
p_tmsi_sig_incl = 0 (0x0)
add_guti_incl = 0 (0x0)
reg_tai_incl = 1 (0x1)
tracking_area_id
mcc_mnc
mcc_1 = 2 (0x2)
mcc_2 = 2 (0x2)
mcc_3 = 8 (0x8)
mnc_3 = 15 (0xf)
mnc_1 = 0 (0x0)
mnc_2 = 2 (0x2)
tracking_area_id = 40000 (0x9c40)
drx_params_incl = 1 (0x1)
drx_params
split_pg_cycle_code = 10 (0xa)
cycle_len_coeff = 0 (0x0)
split_on_ccch = 0 (0x0)
non_drx_timer = 0 (0x0)
ms_netwk_cap_incl = 1 (0x1)
ms_netwk_cap
length = 4 (0x4)
r99 = 1 (0x1)
GEA1 bits
GEA/1 = 1 (0x1)
SM capabilities via dedicated channels = 1 (0x1)
SM capabilities via GPRS channels = 1 (0x1)
UCS2 support = 0 (0x0)
SS Screening Indicator = 1 (0x1)
SoLSA Capability = 0 (0x0)
Revision level indicator = 1 (0x1)
PFC feature mode = 1 (0x1)
Extended GEA bits
GEA/2 = 1 (0x1)
GEA/3 = 1 (0x1)
GEA/4 = 0 (0x0)
GEA/5 = 0 (0x0)
GEA/6 = 0 (0x0)
GEA/7 = 0 (0x0)
LCS VA capability = 0 (0x0)
PS inter-RAT HO from GERAN to UTRAN Iu mode capability = 0 (0x0)
PS inter-RAT HO from GERAN to E-UTRAN S1 mode capability = 0 (0x0)
EMM Combined procedures Capability = 1 (0x1)
ISR support = 1 (0x1)
SRVCC to GERAN/UTRAN capability = 1 (0x1)
EPC capability = 1 (0x1)
NF capability = 1 (0x1)
GERAN network sharing capability = 0 (0x0)
User plane integrity protection support = 0 (0x0)
GIA/4 = 0 (0x0)
GIA/5 = 0 (0x0)
GIA/6 = 0 (0x0)
GIA/7 = 0 (0x0)
ePCO IE indicator = 0 (0x0)
Restriction on use of enhanced coverage capability = 0 (0x0)
Dual connectivity of E-UTRA with NR capability = 1 (0x1)
spare_bits0_count = 0 (0x0)
old_loc_area_id_incl = 1 (0x1)
old_loc_area_id
mcc_1 = 2 (0x2)
mcc_2 = 2 (0x2)
mcc_3 = 8 (0x8)
mnc_3 = 15 (0xf)
mnc_1 = 0 (0x0)
mnc_2 = 2 (0x2)
loc_area_code = 20000 (0x4e20)
tmsi_stat_incl = 0 (0x0)
ms_class_mark2_incl = 1 (0x1)
ms_class_mark2
rev_level = 2 (0x2)
es_ind = 1 (0x1)
a5_1_alg_sup = 0 (0x0)
rf_power_cap = 7 (0x7)
pseudo_sync_cap = 1 (0x1)
ss_screen_ind = 1 (0x1)
sm_cap = 1 (0x1)
vbs = 0 (0x0)
vgcs = 0 (0x0)
freq_cap = 0 (0x0)
class_3_avail = 1 (0x1)
lcsva_cap = 1 (0x1)
ucs2 = 0 (0x0)
solsa = 0 (0x0)
cmsp = 1 (0x1)
a5_3_alg_sup = 1 (0x1)
a5_2_alg_sup = 0 (0x0)
ms_class_mark3_incl = 1 (0x1)
ms_class_mark3
spare_bit0 = 0 (0x0)
const_110 = 6 (0x6)
A5 bits struct
A5/7 = 0 (0x0)
A5/6 = 0 (0x0)
A5/5 = 0 (0x0)
A5/4 = 0 (0x0)
Associated Radio Capability 2 = 1 (0x1)
Associated Radio Capability 1 = 4 (0x4)
r_support_present = 0 (0x0)
hscsd_multi_slot_capability_present = 0 (0x0)
UCS2 treatment = 0 (0x0)
Extended Measurement Capability = 0 (0x0)
ms_measurement_capability_present = 0 (0x0)
ms_positioning_method_capability_present = 1 (0x1)
MS Positioning Method Capability
MS Positioning Method = 7 (0x7)
ecsd_multi_slot_capability_present = 0 (0x0)
gsm_8_psk_struct_present = 1 (0x1)
gsm 8-PSK Struct
Modulation Capability = 1 (0x1)
gsm_8_psk_rf_power_capability_1_present = 1 (0x1)
gsm 8-PSK RF Power Capability 1 = 2 (0x2)
gsm_8_psk_rf_power_capability_2_present = 1 (0x1)
gsm 8-PSK RF Power Capability 2 = 2 (0x2)
gsm_400_bands_supported_present = 0 (0x0)
gsm_850_associated_radio_capability_present = 1 (0x1)
GSM 850 Associated Radio Capability = 4 (0x4)
gsm_1900_associated_radio_capability_present = 1 (0x1)
GSM 1900 Associated Radio Capability = 1 (0x1)
UMTS FDD Radio Access Technology Capability = 1 (0x1)
UMTS 3.84 Mcps TDD Radio Access Technology Capability = 0 (0x0)
CDMA 2000 Radio Access Technology Capability = 0 (0x0)
dtm_gprs_multi_slot_class_present = 1 (0x1)
DTM GPRS Multi Slot Class = 3 (0x3)
Single Slot DTM = 0 (0x0)
dtm_egprs_multi_slot_class_present = 1 (0x1)
DTM EGPRS Multi Slot Class = 3 (0x3)
single_band_support_present = 0 (0x0)
gsm_750_associated_radio_capability_present = 0 (0x0)
UMTS 1.28 Mcps TDD Radio Access Technology Capability = 0 (0x0)
GERAN Feature Package 1 = 1 (0x1)
extended_dtm_gprs_multi_slot_class_present = 0 (0x0)
high_multislot_capability_present = 0 (0x0)
geran_iu_mode_capabilities_present = 0 (0x0)