Python NumPy库:高效处理数值数据的利器


引言:
NumPy(Numerical Python)是Python中最重要的科学计算库之一。它提供了强大的数据结构、广播函数以及用于数值计算的高性能工具。本文将深入介绍NumPy库的核心特性、常用函数和用法,以及其在数值计算和数据科学中的应用。

一、 NumPy的安装和导入:

本节将详细介绍如何安装NumPy库,并演示如何导入它以开始使用。我们将提供不同平台(如Windows、Linux和Mac)上安装NumPy的步骤,并解释如何使用包管理器(如pip)进行安装。

Windows 上的安装步骤:

  1. 打开命令提示符或PowerShell,进入命令行界面。
  2. 确保已经安装了Python解释器。可以在命令行中输入 python --version 来验证是否已安装Python并显示其版本号。
  3. 使用以下命令安装NumPy:
pip install numpy

如果你的Python环境没有安装pip,可以先使用以下命令安装pip:

python -m ensurepip --upgrade
  1. 安装完成后,可以使用 import numpy 来验证NumPy是否成功安装。

Linux 上的安装步骤:

  1. 打开终端,进入命令行界面。
  2. 确保已经安装了Python解释器。可以在终端中输入 python --version 来验证是否已安装Python并显示其版本号。
  3. 使用以下命令安装NumPy:
pip install numpy

如果你的Python环境没有安装pip,可以先使用以下命令安装pip:

sudo apt-get install python3-pip
  1. 安装完成后,可以使用 import numpy 来验证NumPy是否成功安装。

Mac 上的安装步骤:

  1. 打开终端,进入命令行界面。
  2. 确保已经安装了Python解释器。可以在终端中输入 python --version 来验证是否已安装Python并显示其版本号。
  3. 使用以下命令安装NumPy:
pip install numpy

如果你的Python环境没有安装pip,可以先使用以下命令安装pip:

sudo easy_install pip
  1. 安装完成后,可以使用 import numpy 来验证NumPy是否成功安装。

总结起来,使用包管理器(如pip)在不同平台上安装NumPy的步骤是相似的,只需打开终端或命令提示符,确保Python已正确安装,然后使用pip安装NumPy。如果没有安装pip,可以使用适用于各平台的相应命令进行安装。完成安装后,就可以在Python代码中导入NumPy并开始使用它了。

二、 NumPy的多维数组(ndarray):

NumPy的核心是多维数组对象(ndarray),它是一个灵活且高效的数据容器。本节将介绍ndarray的创建、索引、切片和操作。我们将演示如何使用NumPy创建多维数组,并展示数组的基本操作和属性。

import numpy as np
# 创建一维数组
arr1d = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
# 创建二维数组
arr2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
# 创建三维数组
arr3d = np.array([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]]])
# 访问数组的元素
print(arr1d[0])       # 访问一维数组的第一个元素
print(arr2d[1, 2])    # 访问二维数组的第二行第三列的元素
print(arr3d[1, 0, 2]) # 访问三维数组的第二个二维数组的第一行第三列的元素
# 数组的基本属性
print(arr1d.shape)   # 输出一维数组的形状(维度大小)
print(arr2d.shape)   # 输出二维数组的形状(行数,列数)
print(arr3d.shape)   # 输出三维数组的形状(数组数,行数,列数)
print(arr1d.ndim)    # 输出一维数组的维度数
print(arr2d.ndim)    # 输出二维数组的维度数
print(arr3d.ndim)    # 输出三维数组的维度数
print(arr1d.size)    # 输出一维数组的元素总数
print(arr2d.size)    # 输出二维数组的元素总数
print(arr3d.size)    # 输出三维数组的元素总数
# 改变数组形状
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
new_arr = arr.reshape(2, 3)  # 改变数组形状为2行3列的二维数组
# 数组的切片
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
sliced_arr = arr[1:4]  # 获取数组索引1到3的切片
# 数组的运算
arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
sum_arr = arr1 + arr2    # 数组相加
diff_arr = arr1 - arr2   # 数组相减
product_arr = arr1 * arr2   # 数组相乘

三、数组的数值操作:

NumPy提供了各种数值操作函数,使得对数组的数值计算更加高效和简便。本节将介绍NumPy中的数学函数、统计函数和线性代数函数。我们将提供示例代码,演示如何在数组上执行常见的数值计算操作。

1. 数学函数:

  • np.sin(arr): 计算数组元素的正弦值。
  • np.cos(arr): 计算数组元素的余弦值。
  • np.exp(arr): 计算数组元素的指数值。
  • np.log(arr): 计算数组元素的自然对数值。
  • np.sqrt(arr): 计算数组元素的平方根。

示例代码:

arr = np.array([0, np.pi/2, np.pi])
print(np.sin(arr))   # 输出数组元素的正弦值

2. 统计函数:

  • np.mean(arr): 计算数组元素的平均值。
  • np.median(arr): 计算数组元素的中位数。
  • np.std(arr): 计算数组元素的标准差。
  • np.max(arr): 计算数组元素的最大值。
  • np.min(arr): 计算数组元素的最小值。

示例代码:

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(np.mean(arr))   # 输出数组元素的平均值

3. 线性代数函数:

  • np.dot(arr1, arr2): 计算两个数组的点积。
  • np.linalg.inv(arr): 计算数组的逆矩阵。
  • np.linalg.det(arr): 计算数组的行列式。
  • np.linalg.eig(arr): 计算数组的特征值和特征向量。
    示例代码:
arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
arr2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])
dot_product = np.dot(arr1, arr2)   # 计算两个数组的点积

这些示例代码演示了如何在NumPy数组上执行常见的数值计算操作。可以根据实际需求和具体问题,使用这些函数进行更复杂的数学计算、统计分析和线性代数运算。通过结合不同的NumPy函数和操作,可以实现更多的数值计算和数据处理任务。

四、广播(Broadcasting):

广播是NumPy中一项强大的特性,它允许不同形状的数组之间进行数值运算。本节将详细解释广播的概念和规则,并提供示例代码,说明如何使用广播进行数组操作和计算。通过广播,NumPy可以自动地调整数组的形状,使其具有相容的维度,从而进行元素级别的运算。

广播的规则如下:

  1. 维度较低的数组会在相应的维度上进行扩展,以匹配维度较高的数组。
  2. 如果两个数组在某个维度上的大小不一致,但其中一个数组的大小为1,则可以在该维度上进行扩展,使其大小与另一个数组相同。
  3. 如果两个数组在所有维度上的大小都不一致,且没有任何一个维度的大小为1,则无法进行广播,会抛出异常。

以下是使用广播进行数组操作和计算的示例代码:

# 例子1:使用广播进行加法操作
arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
result = arr1 + arr2  # 广播进行加法操作
print(result)  # 输出结果: [5 7 9]

# 例子2:使用广播进行乘法操作
arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
scalar = 2
result = arr1 * scalar  # 广播进行乘法操作
print(result)  # 输出结果: [[2 4] [6 8]]

# 例子3:使用广播进行矩阵乘法操作
arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
arr2 = np.array([2, 3])
result = arr1 * arr2[:, np.newaxis]  # 广播进行矩阵乘法操作
print(result)  # 输出结果: [[ 2  4] [ 9 12]]

在上述示例中,通过广播机制,我们可以将不同形状的数组进行加法、乘法和矩阵乘法等运算。在第一个例子中,两个一维数组进行了逐元素的加法操作,广播机制自动将数组扩展为相同形状,然后执行运算。在第二个例子中,一个二维数组和一个标量进行了乘法操作,广播机制将标量自动扩展为与数组相同的形状,然后进行元素级别的乘法运算。在第三个例子中,一个二维数组和一个一维数组进行了矩阵乘法操作,通过广播机制,将一维数组扩展为与二维数组相同的形状,然后执行矩阵乘法运算。

通过广播,我们可以方便地在不同形状的数组之间进行数值运算,提高了代码的简洁性和效率。但在使用广播时,需要注意以下几点:

  1. 确保数组的维度兼容:广播操作要求数组的维度是兼容的,即它们在每个维度上的大小相等或其中一个数组的大小为1。如果数组的维度不兼容,会导致广播失败并抛出异常。

  2. 明确广播的结果:在进行广播操作时,最好明确广播的结果是什么,以便准确理解和预测运算的结果。可以使用np.broadcast_arrays()函数来获得广播后的数组形状。

  3. 避免不必要的内存消耗:由于广播会自动扩展数组的形状,可能会导致不必要的内存消耗。在处理大型数组时,应谨慎使用广播,以避免内存问题。

以下是继续使用广播进行数组操作和计算的示例代码:

# 例子4:使用广播进行归一化操作
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
mean = np.mean(arr, axis=0)  # 计算每列的平均值
std = np.std(arr, axis=0)    # 计算每列的标准差
normalized = (arr - mean) / std  # 广播进行归一化操作
print(normalized)  # 输出结果: [[-1. -1. -1.] [ 1.  1.  1.]]

# 例子5:使用广播进行矩阵乘法操作
arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
arr2 = np.array([2, 3])
result = np.dot(arr1, arr2[:, np.newaxis])  # 广播进行矩阵乘法操作
print(result)  # 输出结果: [[ 8] [18] [28]]

在例子4中,我们使用广播进行了归一化操作。通过计算每列的平均值和标准差,然后使用广播将其应用于原始数组,实现了对数组的归一化处理。在例子5中,我们使用广播进行了矩阵乘法操作。通过广播机制,将一维数组扩展为与二维数组相同的形状,然后执行矩阵乘法运算,得到了乘积的结果。

总而言之,广播是NumPy中一项强大且灵活的特性,可以在不同形状的数组之间进行数值运算。通过理解广播的规则和使用示例代码,可以充分利用广播功能,在数组操作和计算中提高效率和代码的简洁性。

五、数组的文件操作:

NumPy提供了用于读写数组数据的函数,使得数据的存储和加载变得简单和高效。本节将介绍NumPy中的文件操作函数,并演示如何将数组数据保存到文件中以及如何从文件中加载数据。
在NumPy中,可以使用以下文件操作函数来进行数组数据的存储和加载:

1. np.save(file, arr): 将数组保存到二进制文件中,以.npy为扩展名。
示例代码:

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
np.save('data.npy', arr)  # 将数组保存到文件

2. np.savez(file, arr1, arr2, …): 将多个数组保存到一个压缩的二进制文件中,以.npz为扩展名。
示例代码:

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
np.savez('data.npz', arr1=arr1, arr2=arr2)  # 将多个数组保存到文件

3. np.load(file): 从二进制文件中加载数组数据。
示例代码:

loaded_data = np.load('data.npy')  # 从文件中加载数组数据
print(loaded_data)  # 输出加载的数组数据

如果加载的文件是.npz格式,则返回一个类似字典的对象,可以通过键名获取对应的数组数据。

4. np.savetxt(fname, arr, fmt=‘%s’, delimiter=’ '): 将数组以文本格式保存到文件中。
示例代码:

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
np.savetxt('data.txt', arr, fmt='%d', delimiter=',')  # 将数组以文本格式保存到文件

5. np.loadtxt(fname, dtype=float, delimiter=None): 从文本文件中加载数组数据。
示例代码:

loaded_data = np.loadtxt('data.txt', dtype=int, delimiter=',')  # 从文件中加载数组数据
print(loaded_data)  # 输出加载的数组数据

上述示例代码演示了如何使用NumPy的文件操作函数来进行数组数据的存储和加载。通过np.save()和np.savez()函数,可以将数组以二进制格式保存到文件中。使用np.load()函数可以从二进制文件中加载数组数据。另外,np.savetxt()函数可以将数组以文本格式保存到文件,而np.loadtxt()函数则用于从文本文件中加载数组数据。

可以根据实际需求选择适合的文件操作函数,并指定相应的参数,以便满足数据的存储和加载要求。这些函数提供了方便且高效的方式来处理NumPy数组数据的持久化。

六、数组的高级操作:

NumPy提供了丰富的高级数组操作和函数,可以满足更复杂的数值计算需求。本节将介绍NumPy中的排序、去重、数组拼接和切割等高级操作。我们将提供示例代码,并解释如何利用这些函数解决实际问题。
当处理复杂的数值计算任务时,NumPy提供了一系列高级数组操作和函数,包括排序、去重、数组拼接和切割等功能。这些操作可以帮助你处理和分析数组数据,并解决实际问题。下面我们将逐一介绍这些高级操作,并提供相应的示例代码和实际问题的解决方案。

1. 排序操作:

  • np.sort(arr): 对数组进行升序排序,返回排序后的新数组。
  • arr.sort(): 对数组进行原地排序,即在原数组上进行排序。
    示例代码:
arr = np.array([3, 1, 2, 5, 4])
sorted_arr = np.sort(arr)
print(sorted_arr)  # 输出排序后的新数组: [1 2 3 4 5]
arr.sort()
print(arr)  # 输出原地排序后的数组: [1 2 3 4 5]

实际问题解决方案:排序操作可以帮助你对数据进行整理和分析。例如,可以使用排序函数对一组测量数据进行排序,以找到最大值、最小值或中位数。

2. 去重操作:

  • np.unique(arr): 返回数组中的唯一值,并进行排序。

示例代码:

arr = np.array([3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5])
unique_values = np.unique(arr)
print(unique_values)  # 输出去重且排序后的唯一值数组: [1 2 3 4 5]

实际问题解决方案:去重操作可以帮助消除数据中的重复项,并获得独特的值。例如,在数据分析中,可以使用去重函数找出数据集中的唯一类别或标签。

3. 数组拼接操作:

  • np.concatenate((arr1, arr2, …), axis=0): 沿指定轴连接多个数组。

示例代码:

arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
arr2 = np.array([[5, 6]])
concatenated = np.concatenate((arr1, arr2), axis=0)
print(concatenated)  # 输出拼接后的数组: [[1 2] [3 4] [5 6]]

实际问题解决方案:数组拼接操作可以帮助我们多个数组组合成一个更大的数组。例如,在图像处理中,可以使用数组拼接函数将多个图像矩阵连接成一个大的图像。

4. 数组切割操作:

  • np.split(arr, indices_or_sections, axis=0): 将数组沿指定轴进行切割成多个子数组。

示例代码:

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
splitted = np.split(arr, [2, 4])
print(splitted) # 输出切割后的子数组列表: [array([1, 2]), array([3, 4]), array([5, 6])]

实际问题解决方案:数组切割操作可以帮助我们将一个大数组切分成多个子数组,以便更好地处理和分析数据。例如,可以使用数组切割函数将时间序列数据切割成多个时间窗口,以便进行滑动窗口分析或序列预测。

这些高级数组操作和函数能够有效地处理各种复杂的数值计算需求。通过排序、去重、数组拼接和切割等操作,你可以对数组进行灵活的处理和分析,从而解决实际问题。根据具体情况选择合适的函数,并结合示例代码,可以更好地理解和应用这些高级操作。在实际应用中,可以根据数据的特点和任务的要求,灵活运用这些函数,以满足具体需求。

七、NumPy在数据科学中的应用:

NumPy在数据科学和机器学习中扮演着重要的角色。本节将介绍NumPy在数据处理、数据分析和统计计算中的应用。我们将讨论NumPy与其他数据科学库(如Pandas和Matplotlib)的结合使用,以及如何利用NumPy进行数据预处理和特征

1. 数据处理和分析:

  • NumPy提供了高效的多维数组对象,可以快速处理和操作大量的数据。它的广播(broadcasting)功能允许在不同形状的数组之间进行元素级操作,大大简化了数据的处理过程。
  • NumPy的数组操作和函数可以进行各种数值计算、统计计算、数组操作和线性代数运算,如加法、乘法、求和、均值、标准差、最大值、最小值等。这些操作为数据分析提供了强大的工具。
  • NumPy与其他数据科学库(如Pandas和Matplotlib)紧密结合,可以实现更高级的数据处理和分析功能。Pandas提供了数据结构和数据操作工具,可以方便地进行数据清洗、筛选、聚合等操作;Matplotlib用于数据可视化,可以创建各种统计图表和图形。

2. 数据预处理和特征工程:

  • NumPy提供了丰富的数组操作和函数,可以方便地对数据进行预处理和特征工程。例如,可以使用NumPy的函数进行数据标准化、归一化、缩放等操作,以确保数据具有统一的尺度和分布。
  • NumPy的数组操作可以用于数据的切割、合并、重塑和变换,以满足特定的算法和模型的输入要求。通过NumPy,可以轻松地处理数据的维度和形状。
  • NumPy还提供了一些常用的统计函数和随机数生成器,可以生成模拟数据、处理缺失值、处理异常值等。这些功能对数据的预处理和特征工程非常有用。
  • 在实际应用中,通常会将NumPy与其他数据科学库(如Pandas和Matplotlib)结合使用,以构建完整的数据分析和机器学习工作流程。NumPy提供了高效的数组操作和数值计算功能,而Pandas提供了更高级的数据结构和数据处理工具,Matplotlib则用于数据可视化。通过这些库的协同工作,你可以进行数据的清洗、处理、分析和可视化,从而更好地理解数据并应用机器学习算法。

下面是一个示例,展示了NumPy、Pandas和Matplotlib的结合使用:

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 创建一个NumPy数组
data = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
                 [4, 5, 6],
                 [7, 8, 9]])

# 将NumPy数组转换为Pandas的DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])

# 对数据进行统计计算
mean = df.mean()
std = df.std()
# 可视化数据
plt.bar(df.columns, mean, yerr=std)
plt.title('Mean and Standard Deviation')
plt.xlabel('Columns')
plt.ylabel('Values')
plt.show()

在这个示例中,我们首先使用NumPy创建了一个二维数组。然后,我们将这个数组转换为Pandas的DataFrame,以便进行更高级的数据操作和分析。我们计算了每列数据的均值和标准差,并使用Matplotlib绘制了柱状图来可视化这些统计结果。

通过这种结合使用,我们可以充分利用NumPy的数组操作和函数来处理数据,然后使用Pandas进行数据处理和分析,最后使用Matplotlib进行数据可视化,从而完成一个完整的数据科学任务。

八、性能优化与并行计算:

NumPy通过底层的C语言实现,提供了高性能的数值计算能力。然而,有时候我们仍然需要对代码进行性能优化以提高计算效率。本节将介绍一些NumPy中的性能优化技巧,如向量化操作、使用视图和原位操作等。此外,我们还将介绍如何利用NumPy实现并行计算,以加速对大规模数据集的处理。
NumPy提供了一些性能优化技巧,可以提高代码的计算效率。下面介绍几种常用的优化技巧:

  1. 向量化操作:NumPy通过广播(broadcasting)和通用函数(ufuncs)实现了向量化操作,允许对整个数组执行元素级操作,而不需要使用显式的循环。向量化操作利用底层的C语言实现,能够高效地处理大规模数据,提高计算效率。

示例:

# 非向量化操作
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [4, 5, 6]
c = []
for i in range(len(a)):
    c.append(a[i] + b[i])

# 向量化操作
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
c = a + b
  1. 使用视图(views):NumPy中的视图是对数组数据的引用,而不是创建新的数组对象。通过使用视图,可以节省内存并避免不必要的数据复制。视图可以通过切片操作、布尔索引、花式索引等方式创建。

示例:

# 创建视图
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
view = arr[2:5]  # 创建对原数组的切片视图

# 修改视图数据会同时修改原数组
view[0] = 10
print(arr)  # 输出: [1, 2, 10, 4, 5]
  1. 原位操作:原位操作是指在不创建新数组的情况下直接修改原始数组的操作。通过原位操作,可以减少内存开销,并避免数据复制的时间消耗。

示例:

# 原位操作
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
arr += 1  # 原地加1,不创建新数组

# 输出修改后的数组
print(arr)  # 输出: [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

除了使用向量化操作、视图和原位操作进行性能优化之外,NumPy还提供了其他一些技巧和工具,可以进一步加速计算和处理大规模数据集。

  1. 使用NumPy的内置函数:NumPy提供了许多内置的高效函数,可以快速执行各种数值计算和操作。这些函数经过优化,通常比使用Python的原生函数更快速。

示例:

import numpy as np

# 使用NumPy内置函数计算数组元素的和
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
total = np.sum(arr)

# 输出计算结果
print(total)  # 输出: 15
  1. 利用NumPy的广播功能:广播是NumPy的一项强大功能,它允许在不同形状的数组之间执行元素级操作。通过广播,可以避免显式地对数组进行循环操作,从而提高计算效率。

示例:

import numpy as np

# 使用广播进行数组运算
arr1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
arr2 = np.array([10, 20, 30])
result = arr1 + arr2

# 输出计算结果
print(result)

输出:

[[11 22 33]
 [14 25 36]]
  1. 使用NumPy的高级索引和切片:NumPy提供了灵活的索引和切片操作,可以根据需要提取、修改和操作数组的特定部分。合理利用高级索引和切片,可以避免不必要的数据复制,提高计算效率。

示例:

import numpy as np

# 使用高级索引获取数组的特定行和列
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
rows = [0, 2]
cols = [1, 2]
result = arr[rows][:, cols]

# 输出计算结果
print(result)

输出:

[[2 3]
 [8 9]]

通过合理应用这些技巧和工具,可以最大限度地提高NumPy数组的计算效率和处理能力。同时,也建议使用NumPy的官方文档、在线资源和相关书籍进行深入学习,以掌握更多高级的技巧和最佳实践。

九、NumPy与其他库的整合:

NumPy与其他Python科学计算库的整合,可以为数据科学和机器学习任务提供更强大的功能。本节将介绍NumPy与Pandas、Matplotlib、SciPy等库的结合使用。我们将讨论如何在这些库之间传递数据、共享功能,并提供示例代码展示整合的应用场景。

  1. NumPy与Pandas的整合:
    • NumPy提供了高效的多维数组操作,而Pandas则提供了灵活的数据结构和数据分析工具。通过将NumPy数组作为Pandas的数据源,可以利用Pandas的数据处理和分析功能对数据进行清洗、转换和分析。
    • 可以使用NumPy数组创建Pandas的Series和DataFrame对象,并通过NumPy的函数和方法对数据进行处理,然后利用Pandas的功能进行数据探索和操作。

示例:

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

# 创建NumPy数组
data = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

# 创建Pandas DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])

# 对DataFrame进行数据操作
df['D'] = df['A'] + df['B']

# 输出DataFrame
print(df)

  1. NumPy与Matplotlib的整合:
    • NumPy提供了处理数值数据的功能,而Matplotlib则提供了绘图和数据可视化的功能。通过将NumPy数组作为Matplotlib的数据源,可以直接使用Matplotlib的绘图函数和方法来创建各种图表和可视化效果。

示例:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 创建NumPy数组
x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)
y = np.sin(x)

# 使用Matplotlib绘制折线图
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('sin(x)')
plt.title('Sine Function')
plt.show()
  1. NumPy与SciPy的整合:

    • NumPy提供了数组操作和数值计算的基础,而SciPy则提供了更高级的科学计算功能,包括统计分析、优化、信号处理、图像处理等。通过NumPy数组作为SciPy的输入,可以利用SciPy的函数和方法对数据进行科学计算和分析。

示例:

import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# 创建NumPy数组
data = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

# 使用SciPy计算均值和标准差
mean = np.mean(data)
std = np.std(data)

# 使用SciPy计算数据的正态分布概率密度函数
pdf = stats.norm.pdf(data, loc=mean, scale=std)

# 输出计算结果
print("Mean:", mean)
print("Standard Deviation:", std)
print("PDF:", pdf)

通过NumPy与其他库的整合,可以充分发挥各个库的优势,实现数据科学和机器学习任务。下面介绍NumPy与其他库的进一步整合和应用:
4. NumPy与Scikit-learn的整合:

  • NumPy提供了高性能的数组操作和数值计算功能,而Scikit-learn是一个强大的机器学习库,提供了各种机器学习算法和工具。NumPy与Scikit-learn的整合可以通过NumPy数组作为输入,将数据传递给Scikit-learn的算法模型进行训练和预测。

示例:

import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

# 创建NumPy数组作为输入特征
X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
# 创建NumPy数组作为目标变量
y = np.array([3, 5, 7])

# 创建线性回归模型
model = LinearRegression()
# 使用NumPy数组进行模型训练
model.fit(X, y)

# 使用模型进行预测
y_pred = model.predict([[7, 8]])
  1. NumPy与TensorFlow/PyTorch的整合:

    • NumPy与深度学习库TensorFlow或PyTorch的整合可以通过NumPy数组作为输入,将数据转换为TensorFlow或PyTorch的张量进行深度学习模型的训练和预测。
      示例(TensorFlow):
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

# 创建NumPy数组作为输入特征
X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
# 创建NumPy数组作为目标变量
y = np.array([3, 5, 7])

# 创建TensorFlow的张量
X_tensor = tf.convert_to_tensor(X, dtype=tf.float32)
y_tensor = tf.convert_to_tensor(y, dtype=tf.float32)

# 创建神经网络模型
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(1)
])

# 编译和训练模型
model.compile(optimizer='sgd', loss='mse')
model.fit(X_tensor, y_tensor, epochs=100)

# 使用模型进行预测
y_pred = model.predict(tf.convert_to_tensor([[7, 8]], dtype=tf.float32))

通过将NumPy数组作为数据传递给其他库的数据结构和算法模型,可以实现数据的无缝传递和共享功能。这种整合可以充分发挥各个库的优势,使得数据科学和机器学习任务更加高效和便捷。请注意,示例中的代码仅为演示目的,实际应用中可能需要根据具体需求进行适当的修改和调整。

十、使用案例和实际应用:

最后,我们将通过一些实际案例展示NumPy在不同领域的应用。例如,图像处理、信号处理、机器学习模型的训练等。我们将提供具体的代码示例,演示NumPy如何帮助解决实际问题并提升工作效率。

  1. 图像处理:
    NumPy提供了强大的多维数组操作,使其成为图像处理领域的重要工具。下面是一个简单的示例,展示了如何使用NumPy读取图像文件、处理图像并保存处理后的图像。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from PIL import Image

# 读取图像文件
image = Image.open('image.jpg')
# 将图像转换为NumPy数组
image_array = np.array(image)

# 对图像数组进行处理(例如调整亮度)
processed_image = image_array * 1.2

# 将处理后的图像转换回PIL图像对象
processed_image = Image.fromarray(processed_image.astype(np.uint8))

# 保存处理后的图像
processed_image.save('processed_image.jpg')

# 显示原始图像和处理后的图像
plt.subplot(121)
plt.imshow(image)
plt.title('Original Image')
plt.subplot(122)
plt.imshow(processed_image)
plt.title('Processed Image')
plt.show()
  1. 信号处理:
    NumPy在信号处理领域中的应用非常广泛,例如滤波、频谱分析等。以下是一个示例,展示了如何使用NumPy进行信号滤波。
import numpy as np
from scipy.signal import butter, lfilter
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 生成随机信号
t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1000)
signal = np.sin(2 * np.pi * 5 * t) + np.sin(2 * np.pi * 10 * t)

# 定义滤波器参数
cutoff = 8
nyquist = 0.5 * 1000
normal_cutoff = cutoff / nyquist
b, a = butter(4, normal_cutoff, btype='low', analog=False)

# 对信号进行滤波
filtered_signal = lfilter(b, a, signal)

# 绘制原始信号和滤波后的信号
plt.plot(t, signal, label='Original Signal')
plt.plot(t, filtered_signal, label='Filtered Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
  1. 机器学习模型训练:
    NumPy在机器学习领域中被广泛应用于数据的处理和准备阶段,例如特征提取、数据归一化等。以下是一个简单的示例,演示了如何使用NumPy准备数据并训练一个线性回归模型。
 import numpy as np
   from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

   # 创建特征矩阵和目标向量
   X = np.array([[1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4], [4, 5]])  # 特征矩阵
   y = np.array([2, 3, 4, 5])  # 目标向量

   # 创建线性回归模型
   model = LinearRegression()

   # 在特征矩阵上拟合模型
   model.fit(X, y)

   # 进行预测
   new_data = np.array([[5, 6], [6, 7]])
   predictions = model.predict(new_data)

   # 打印预测结果
   for i in range(len(new_data)):
       print(f"特征:{new_data[i]},预测结果:{predictions[i]}")

在这个示例中,我们使用NumPy创建了一个特征矩阵X和目标向量y。然后,我们创建了一个线性回归模型,并使用fit方法在特征矩阵上拟合模型。接下来,我们使用新的数据new_data进行预测,并通过predict方法获得预测结果。

这只是NumPy在不同领域应用的一小部分示例。NumPy的功能非常丰富,可以在数据科学、机器学习、图像处理、信号处理等多个领域发挥作用。通过结合其他的科学计算库,如Pandas、Matplotlib和SciPy,你可以构建强大的数据处理和分析工作流程,从而更好地应对实际问题并提高工作效率。

结论:

NumPy是Python中必不可少的科学计算库,它提供了强大的多维数组操作和数值计算工具。本文详细介绍了NumPy的核心特性、常用函数和用法,以及它在数值计算和数据科学中的应用。通过学习和掌握NumPy,你可以更高效地处理数值数据、进行复杂的计算和开展数据科学项目。希望本文对你理解和使用NumPy提供了一定的帮助,同时也鼓励深入探索NumPy的更多功能和应用场景。

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Instead, explicitly set the output handler using ob_start(). ; Using this ini directive may cause problems unless you know what script ; is doing. ; Note: You cannot use both "mb_output_handler" with "ob_iconv_handler" ; and you cannot use both "ob_gzhandler" and "zlib.output_compression". ; Note: output_handler must be empty if this is set 'On' !!!! ; Instead you must use zlib.output_handler. ; http://php.net/output-handler ;output_handler = ; Transparent output compression using the zlib library ; Valid values for this option are 'off', 'on', or a specific buffer size ; to be used for compression (default is 4KB) ; Note: Resulting chunk size may vary due to nature of compression. PHP ; outputs chunks that are few hundreds bytes each as a result of ; compression. If you prefer a larger chunk size for better ; performance, enable output_buffering in addition. ; Note: You need to use zlib.output_handler instead of the standard ; output_handler, or otherwise the output will be corrupted. ; http://php.net/zlib.output-compression zlib.output_compression = Off ; http://php.net/zlib.output-compression-level ;zlib.output_compression_level = -1 ; You cannot specify additional output handlers if zlib.output_compression ; is activated here. This setting does the same as output_handler but in ; a different order. ; http://php.net/zlib.output-handler ;zlib.output_handler = ; Implicit flush tells PHP to tell the output layer to flush itself ; automatically after every output block. This is equivalent to calling the ; PHP function flush() after each and every call to print() or echo() and each ; and every HTML block. Turning this option on has serious performance ; implications and is generally recommended for debugging purposes only. ; http://php.net/implicit-flush ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to On for the CLI SAPI implicit_flush = Off ; The unserialize callback function will be called (with the undefined class' ; name as parameter), if the unserializer finds an undefined class ; which should be instantiated. A warning appears if the specified function is ; not defined, or if the function doesn't include/implement the missing class. ; So only set this entry, if you really want to implement such a ; callback-function. unserialize_callback_func = ; When floats & doubles are serialized store serialize_precision significant ; digits after the floating point. The default value ensures that when floats ; are decoded with unserialize, the data will remain the same. serialize_precision = 17 ; open_basedir, if set, limits all file operations to the defined directory ; and below. This directive makes most sense if used in a per-directory ; or per-virtualhost web server configuration file. This directive is ; *NOT* affected by whether Safe Mode is turned On or Off. ; http://php.net/open-basedir ;open_basedir = ; This directive allows you to disable certain functions for security reasons. ; It receives a comma-delimited list of function names. This directive is ; *NOT* affected by whether Safe Mode is turned On or Off. ; http://php.net/disable-functions disable_functions = ; This directive allows you to disable certain classes for security reasons. ; It receives a comma-delimited list of class names. This directive is ; *NOT* affected by whether Safe Mode is turned On or Off. ; http://php.net/disable-classes disable_classes = ; Colors for Syntax Highlighting mode. Anything that's acceptable in ; <span style="color: ???????"> would work. ; http://php.net/syntax-highlighting ;highlight.string = #DD0000 ;highlight.comment = #FF9900 ;highlight.keyword = #007700 ;highlight.default = #0000BB ;highlight.html = #000000 ; If enabled, the request will be allowed to complete even if the user aborts ; the request. Consider enabling it if executing long requests, which may end up ; being interrupted by the user or a browser timing out. PHP's default behavior ; is to disable this feature. ; http://php.net/ignore-user-abort ;ignore_user_abort = On ; Determines the size of the realpath cache to be used by PHP. This value should ; be increased on systems where PHP opens many files to reflect the quantity of ; the file operations performed. ; http://php.net/realpath-cache-size ;realpath_cache_size = 16k ; Duration of time, in seconds for which to cache realpath information for a given ; file or directory. For systems with rarely changing files, consider increasing this ; value. ; http://php.net/realpath-cache-ttl ;realpath_cache_ttl = 120 ; Enables or disables the circular reference collector. ; http://php.net/zend.enable-gc zend.enable_gc = On ; If enabled, scripts may be written in encodings that are incompatible with ; the scanner. CP936, Big5, CP949 and Shift_JIS are the examples of such ; encodings. To use this feature, mbstring extension must be enabled. ; Default: Off ;zend.multibyte = Off ; Allows to set the default encoding for the scripts. This value will be used ; unless "declare(encoding=...)" directive appears at the top of the script. ; Only affects if zend.multibyte is set. ; Default: "" ;zend.script_encoding = ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Miscellaneous ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Decides whether PHP may expose the fact that it is installed on the server ; (e.g. by adding its signature to the Web server header). It is no security ; threat in any way, but it makes it possible to determine whether you use PHP ; on your server or not. ; http://php.net/expose-php expose_php = On ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Resource Limits ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds ; http://php.net/max-execution-time ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to 0 for the CLI SAPI max_execution_time = 30 ; Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data. It's a good ; idea to limit this time on productions servers in order to eliminate unexpectedly ; long running scripts. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to -1 for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: -1 (Unlimited) ; Development Value: 60 (60 seconds) ; Production Value: 60 (60 seconds) ; http://php.net/max-input-time max_input_time = 60 ; Maximum input variable nesting level ; http://php.net/max-input-nesting-level ;max_input_nesting_level = 64 ; How many GET/POST/COOKIE input variables may be accepted ; max_input_vars = 1000 ; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (128MB) ; http://php.net/memory-limit memory_limit = 128M ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Error handling and logging ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; This directive informs PHP of which errors, warnings and notices you would like ; it to take action for. The recommended way of setting values for this ; directive is through the use of the error level constants and bitwise ; operators. The error level constants are below here for convenience as well as ; some common settings and their meanings. ; By default, PHP is set to take action on all errors, notices and warnings EXCEPT ; those related to E_NOTICE and E_STRICT, which together cover best practices and ; recommended coding standards in PHP. For performance reasons, this is the ; recommend error reporting setting. Your production server shouldn't be wasting ; resources complaining about best practices and coding standards. That's what ; development servers and development settings are for. ; Note: The php.ini-development file has this setting as E_ALL. This ; means it pretty much reports everything which is exactly what you want during ; development and early testing. ; ; Error Level Constants: ; E_ALL - All errors and warnings (includes E_STRICT as of PHP 5.4.0) ; E_ERROR - fatal run-time errors ; E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR - almost fatal run-time errors ; E_WARNING - run-time warnings (non-fatal errors) ; E_PARSE - compile-time parse errors ; E_NOTICE - run-time notices (these are warnings which often result ; from a bug in your code, but it's possible that it was ; intentional (e.g., using an uninitialized variable and ; relying on the fact it's automatically initialized to an ; empty string) ; E_STRICT - run-time notices, enable to have PHP suggest changes ; to your code which will ensure the best interoperability ; and forward compatibility of your code ; E_CORE_ERROR - fatal errors that occur during PHP's initial startup ; E_CORE_WARNING - warnings (non-fatal errors) that occur during PHP's ; initial startup ; E_COMPILE_ERROR - fatal compile-time errors ; E_COMPILE_WARNING - compile-time warnings (non-fatal errors) ; E_USER_ERROR - user-generated error message ; E_USER_WARNING - user-generated warning message ; E_USER_NOTICE - user-generated notice message ; E_DEPRECATED - warn about code that will not work in future versions ; of PHP ; E_USER_DEPRECATED - user-generated deprecation warnings ; ; Common Values: ; E_ALL (Show all errors, warnings and notices including coding standards.) ; E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE (Show all errors, except for notices) ; E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT (Show all errors, except for notices and coding standards warnings.) ; E_COMPILE_ERROR|E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR|E_ERROR|E_CORE_ERROR (Show only errors) ; Default Value: E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT & ~E_DEPRECATED ; Development Value: E_ALL ; Production Value: E_ALL & ~E_DEPRECATED & ~E_STRICT ; http://php.net/error-reporting error_reporting = E_ALL ; This directive controls whether or not and where PHP will output errors, ; notices and warnings too. Error output is very useful during development, but ; it could be very dangerous in production environments. Depending on the code ; which is triggering the error, sensitive information could potentially leak ; out of your application such as database usernames and passwords or worse. ; It's recommended that errors be logged on production servers rather than ; having the errors sent to STDOUT. ; Possible Values: ; Off = Do not display any errors ; stderr = Display errors to STDERR (affects only CGI/CLI binaries!) ; On or stdout = Display errors to STDOUT ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/display-errors display_errors = On ; The display of errors which occur during PHP's startup sequence are handled ; separately from display_errors. PHP's default behavior is to suppress those ; errors from clients. Turning the display of startup errors on can be useful in ; debugging configuration problems. But, it's strongly recommended that you ; leave this setting off on production servers. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/display-startup-errors display_startup_errors = On ; Besides displaying errors, PHP can also log errors to locations such as a ; server-specific log, STDERR, or a location specified by the error_log ; directive found below. While errors should not be displayed on productions ; servers they should still be monitored and logging is a great way to do that. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/log-errors log_errors = On ; Set maximum length of log_errors. In error_log information about the source is ; added. The default is 1024 and 0 allows to not apply any maximum length at all. ; http://php.net/log-errors-max-len log_errors_max_len = 1024 ; Do not log repeated messages. Repeated errors must occur in same file on same ; line unless ignore_repeated_source is set true. ; http://php.net/ignore-repeated-errors ignore_repeated_errors = Off ; Ignore source of message when ignoring repeated messages. When this setting ; is On you will not log errors with repeated messages from different files or ; source lines. ; http://php.net/ignore-repeated-source ignore_repeated_source = Off ; If this parameter is set to Off, then memory leaks will not be shown (on ; stdout or in the log). This has only effect in a debug compile, and if ; error reporting includes E_WARNING in the allowed list ; http://php.net/report-memleaks report_memleaks = On ; This setting is on by default. ;report_zend_debug = 0 ; Store the last error/warning message in $php_errormsg (boolean). Setting this value ; to On can assist in debugging and is appropriate for development servers. It should ; however be disabled on production servers. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/track-errors track_errors = On ; Turn off normal error reporting and emit XML-RPC error XML ; http://php.net/xmlrpc-errors ;xmlrpc_errors = 0 ; An XML-RPC faultCode ;xmlrpc_error_number = 0 ; When PHP displays or logs an error, it has the capability of formatting the ; error message as HTML for easier reading. This directive controls whether ; the error message is formatted as HTML or not. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to Off for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production value: On ; http://php.net/html-errors html_errors = On ; If html_errors is set to On *and* docref_root is not empty, then PHP ; produces clickable error messages that direct to a page describing the error ; or function causing the error in detail. ; You can download a copy of the PHP manual from http://php.net/docs ; and change docref_root to the base URL of your local copy including the ; leading '/'. You must also specify the file extension being used including ; the dot. PHP's default behavior is to leave these settings empty, in which ; case no links to documentation are generated. ; Note: Never use this feature for production boxes. ; http://php.net/docref-root ; Examples ;docref_root = "/phpmanual/" ; http://php.net/docref-ext ;docref_ext = .html ; String to output before an error message. PHP's default behavior is to leave ; this setting blank. ; http://php.net/error-prepend-string ; Example: ;error_prepend_string = "<span style='color: #ff0000'>" ; String to output after an error message. PHP's default behavior is to leave ; this setting blank. ; http://php.net/error-append-string ; Example: ;error_append_string = "</span>" ; Log errors to specified file. PHP's default behavior is to leave this value ; empty. ; http://php.net/error-log ; Example: ;error_log = php_errors.log ; Log errors to syslog (Event Log on Windows). ;error_log = syslog ;windows.show_crt_warning ; Default value: 0 ; Development value: 0 ; Production value: 0 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Data Handling ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; The separator used in PHP generated URLs to separate arguments. ; PHP's default setting is "&". ; http://php.net/arg-separator.output ; Example: ;arg_separator.output = "&" ; List of separator(s) used by PHP to parse input URLs into variables. ; PHP's default setting is "&". ; NOTE: Every character in this directive is considered as separator! ; http://php.net/arg-separator.input ; Example: ;arg_separator.input = ";&" ; This directive determines which super global arrays are registered when PHP ; starts up. G,P,C,E & S are abbreviations for the following respective super ; globals: GET, POST, COOKIE, ENV and SERVER. There is a performance penalty ; paid for the registration of these arrays and because ENV is not as commonly ; used as the others, ENV is not recommended on productions servers. You ; can still get access to the environment variables through getenv() should you ; need to. ; Default Value: "EGPCS" ; Development Value: "GPCS" ; Production Value: "GPCS"; ; http://php.net/variables-order variables_order = "GPCS" ; This directive determines which super global data (G,P,C,E & S) should ; be registered into the super global array REQUEST. If so, it also determines ; the order in which that data is registered. The values for this directive are ; specified in the same manner as the variables_order directive, EXCEPT one. ; Leaving this value empty will cause PHP to use the value set in the ; variables_order directive. It does not mean it will leave the super globals ; array REQUEST empty. ; Default Value: None ; Development Value: "GP" ; Production Value: "GP" ; http://php.net/request-order request_order = "GP" ; This directive determines whether PHP registers $argv & $argc each time it ; runs. $argv contains an array of all the arguments passed to PHP when a script ; is invoked. $argc contains an integer representing the number of arguments ; that were passed when the script was invoked. These arrays are extremely ; useful when running scripts from the command line. When this directive is ; enabled, registering these variables consumes CPU cycles and memory each time ; a script is executed. For performance reasons, this feature should be disabled ; on production servers. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to On for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: Off ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/register-argc-argv register_argc_argv = Off ; When enabled, the ENV, REQUEST and SERVER variables are created when they're ; first used (Just In Time) instead of when the script starts. If these ; variables are not used within a script, having this directive on will result ; in a performance gain. The PHP directive register_argc_argv must be disabled ; for this directive to have any affect. ; http://php.net/auto-globals-jit auto_globals_jit = On ; Whether PHP will read the POST data. ; This option is enabled by default. ; Most likely, you won't want to disable this option globally. It causes $_POST ; and $_FILES to always be empty; the only way you will be able to read the ; POST data will be through the php://input stream wrapper. This can be useful ; to proxy requests or to process the POST data in a memory efficient fashion. ; http://php.net/enable-post-data-reading ;enable_post_data_reading = Off ; Maximum size of POST data that PHP will accept. ; Its value may be 0 to disable the limit. It is ignored if POST data reading ; is disabled through enable_post_data_reading. ; http://php.net/post-max-size post_max_size = 8M ; Automatically add files before PHP document. ; http://php.net/auto-prepend-file auto_prepend_file = ; Automatically add files after PHP document. ; http://php.net/auto-append-file auto_append_file = ; By default, PHP will output a character encoding using ; the Content-type: header. To disable sending of the charset, simply ; set it to be empty. ; ; PHP's built-in default is text/html ; http://php.net/default-mimetype default_mimetype = "text/html" ; PHP's default character set is set to empty. ; http://php.net/default-charset ;default_charset = "UTF-8" ; Always populate the $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA variable. PHP's default behavior is ; to disable this feature. If post reading is disabled through ; enable_post_data_reading, $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA is *NOT* populated. ; http://php.net/always-populate-raw-post-data ;always_populate_raw_post_data = On ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Paths and Directories ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; UNIX: "/path1:/path2" ;include_path = ".:/php/includes" ; ; Windows: "\path1;\path2" ;include_path = ".;c:\php\includes" ; ; PHP's default setting for include_path is ".;/path/to/php/pear" ; http://php.net/include-path ; The root of the PHP pages, used only if nonempty. ; if PHP was not compiled with FORCE_REDIRECT, you SHOULD set doc_root ; if you are running php as a CGI under any web server (other than IIS) ; see documentation for security issues. The alternate is to use the ; cgi.force_redirect configuration below ; http://php.net/doc-root doc_root = ; The directory under which PHP opens the script using /~username used only ; if nonempty. ; http://php.net/user-dir user_dir = ; Directory in which the loadable extensions (modules) reside. ; http://php.net/extension-dir ; extension_dir = "./" ; On windows: ; extension_dir = "ext" ; Whether or not to enable the dl() function. The dl() function does NOT work ; properly in multithreaded servers, such as IIS or Zeus, and is automatically ; disabled on them. ; http://php.net/enable-dl enable_dl = Off ; cgi.force_redirect is necessary to provide security running PHP as a CGI under ; most web servers. Left undefined, PHP turns this on by default. You can ; turn it off here AT YOUR OWN RISK ; **You CAN safely turn this off for IIS, in fact, you MUST.** ; http://php.net/cgi.force-redirect ;cgi.force_redirect = 1 ; if cgi.nph is enabled it will force cgi to always sent Status: 200 with ; every request. PHP's default behavior is to disable this feature. ;cgi.nph = 1 ; if cgi.force_redirect is turned on, and you are not running under Apache or Netscape ; (iPlanet) web servers, you MAY need to set an environment variable name that PHP ; will look for to know it is OK to continue execution. Setting this variable MAY ; cause security issues, KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING FIRST. ; http://php.net/cgi.redirect-status-env ;cgi.redirect_status_env = ; cgi.fix_pathinfo provides *real* PATH_INFO/PATH_TRANSLATED support for CGI. PHP's ; previous behaviour was to set PATH_TRANSLATED to SCRIPT_FILENAME, and to not grok ; what PATH_INFO is. For more information on PATH_INFO, see the cgi specs. Setting ; this to 1 will cause PHP CGI to fix its paths to conform to the spec. A setting ; of zero causes PHP to behave as before. Default is 1. You should fix your scripts ; to use SCRIPT_FILENAME rather than PATH_TRANSLATED. ; http://php.net/cgi.fix-pathinfo ;cgi.fix_pathinfo=1 ; FastCGI under IIS (on WINNT based OS) supports the ability to impersonate ; security tokens of the calling client. This allows IIS to define the ; security context that the request runs under. mod_fastcgi under Apache ; does not currently support this feature (03/17/2002) ; Set to 1 if running under IIS. Default is zero. ; http://php.net/fastcgi.impersonate ;fastcgi.impersonate = 1 ; Disable logging through FastCGI connection. PHP's default behavior is to enable ; this feature. ;fastcgi.logging = 0 ; cgi.rfc2616_headers configuration option tells PHP what type of headers to ; use when sending HTTP response code. If it's set 0 PHP sends Status: header that ; is supported by Apache. When this option is set to 1 PHP will send ; RFC2616 compliant header. ; Default is zero. ; http://php.net/cgi.rfc2616-headers ;cgi.rfc2616_headers = 0 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; File Uploads ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Whether to allow HTTP file uploads. ; http://php.net/file-uploads file_uploads = On ; Temporary directory for HTTP uploaded files (will use system default if not ; specified). ; http://php.net/upload-tmp-dir ;upload_tmp_dir = ; Maximum allowed size for uploaded files. ; http://php.net/upload-max-filesize upload_max_filesize = 2M ; Maximum number of files that can be uploaded via a single request max_file_uploads = 20 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Fopen wrappers ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Whether to allow the treatment of URLs (like http:// or ftp://) as files. ; http://php.net/allow-url-fopen allow_url_fopen = On ; Whether to allow include/require to open URLs (like http:// or ftp://) as files. ; http://php.net/allow-url-include allow_url_include = Off ; Define the anonymous ftp password (your email address). PHP's default setting ; for this is empty. ; http://php.net/from ;from="[email protected]" ; Define the User-Agent string. PHP's default setting for this is empty. ; http://php.net/user-agent ;user_agent="PHP" ; Default timeout for socket based streams (seconds) ; http://php.net/default-socket-timeout default_socket_timeout = 60 ; If your scripts have to deal with files from Macintosh systems, ; or you are running on a Mac and need to deal with files from ; unix or win32 systems, setting this flag will cause PHP to ; automatically detect the EOL character in those files so that ; fgets() and file() will work regardless of the source of the file. ; http://php.net/auto-detect-line-endings ;auto_detect_line_endings = Off ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Dynamic Extensions ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; If you wish to have an extension loaded automatically, use the following ; syntax: ; ; extension=modulename.extension ; ; For example, on Windows: ; ; extension=msql.dll ; ; ... or under UNIX: ; ; extension=msql.so ; ; ... or with a path: ; ; extension=/path/to/extension/msql.so ; ; If you only provide the name of the extension, PHP will look for it in its ; default extension directory. ; ; Windows Extensions ; Note that ODBC support is built in, so no dll is needed for it. ; Note that many DLL files are located in the extensions/ (PHP 4) ext/ (PHP 5) ; extension folders as well as the separate PECL DLL download (PHP 5). ; Be sure to appropriately set the extension_dir directive. ; ;extension=php_bz2.dll ;extension=php_curl.dll ;extension=php_fileinfo.dll ;extension=php_gd2.dll ;extension=php_gettext.dll ;extension=php_gmp.dll ;extension=php_intl.dll ;extension=php_imap.dll ;extension=php_interbase.dll ;extension=php_ldap.dll ;extension=php_mbstring.dll ;extension=php_exif.dll ; Must be after mbstring as it depends on it ;extension=php_mysql.dll ;extension=php_mysqli.dll ;extension=php_oci8.dll ; Use with Oracle 10gR2 Instant Client ;extension=php_oci8_11g.dll ; Use with Oracle 11gR2 Instant Client ;extension=php_openssl.dll ;extension=php_pdo_firebird.dll ;extension=php_pdo_mysql.dll ;extension=php_pdo_oci.dll ;extension=php_pdo_odbc.dll ;extension=php_pdo_pgsql.dll ;extension=php_pdo_sqlite.dll ;extension=php_pgsql.dll ;extension=php_pspell.dll ;extension=php_shmop.dll ; The MIBS data available in the PHP distribution must be installed. ; See http://www.php.net/manual/en/snmp.installation.php ;extension=php_snmp.dll ;extension=php_soap.dll ;extension=php_sockets.dll ;extension=php_sqlite3.dll ;extension=php_sybase_ct.dll ;extension=php_tidy.dll ;extension=php_xmlrpc.dll ;extension=php_xsl.dll ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Module Settings ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; [CLI Server] ; Whether the CLI web server uses ANSI color coding in its terminal output. cli_server.color = On [Date] ; Defines the default timezone used by the date functions ; http://php.net/date.timezone ;date.timezone = ; http://php.net/date.default-latitude ;date.default_latitude = 31.7667 ; http://php.net/date.default-longitude ;date.default_longitude = 35.2333 ; http://php.net/date.sunrise-zenith ;date.sunrise_zenith = 90.583333 ; http://php.net/date.sunset-zenith ;date.sunset_zenith = 90.583333 [filter] ; http://php.net/filter.default ;filter.default = unsafe_raw ; http://php.net/filter.default-flags ;filter.default_flags = [iconv] ;iconv.input_encoding = ISO-8859-1 ;iconv.internal_encoding = ISO-8859-1 ;iconv.output_encoding = ISO-8859-1 [intl] ;intl.default_locale = ; This directive allows you to produce PHP errors when some error ; happens within intl functions. The value is the level of the error produced. ; Default is 0, which does not produce any errors. ;intl.error_level = E_WARNING [sqlite] ; http://php.net/sqlite.assoc-case ;sqlite.assoc_case = 0 [sqlite3] ;sqlite3.extension_dir = [Pcre] ;PCRE library backtracking limit. ; http://php.net/pcre.backtrack-limit ;pcre.backtrack_limit=100000 ;PCRE library recursion limit. ;Please note that if you set this value to a high number you may consume all ;the available process stack and eventually crash PHP (due to reaching the ;stack size limit imposed by the Operating System). ; http://php.net/pcre.recursion-limit ;pcre.recursion_limit=100000 [Pdo] ; Whether to pool ODBC connections. Can be one of "strict", "relaxed" or "off" ; http://php.net/pdo-odbc.connection-pooling ;pdo_odbc.connection_pooling=strict ;pdo_odbc.db2_instance_name [Pdo_mysql] ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/pdo_mysql.cache_size pdo_mysql.cache_size = 2000 ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/pdo_mysql.default-socket pdo_mysql.default_socket= [Phar] ; http://php.net/phar.readonly ;phar.readonly = On ; http://php.net/phar.require-hash ;phar.require_hash = On ;phar.cache_list = [mail function] ; For Win32 only. ; http://php.net/smtp SMTP = localhost ; http://php.net/smtp-port smtp_port = 25 ; For Win32 only. ; http://php.net/sendmail-from ;sendmail_from = [email protected] ; For Unix only. You may supply arguments as well (default: "sendmail -t -i"). ; http://php.net/sendmail-path ;sendmail_path = ; Force the addition of the specified parameters to be passed as extra parameters ; to the sendmail binary. These parameters will always replace the value of ; the 5th parameter to mail(), even in safe mode. ;mail.force_extra_parameters = ; Add X-PHP-Originating-Script: that will include uid of the script followed by the filename mail.add_x_header = On ; The path to a log file that will log all mail() calls. Log entries include ; the full path of the script, line number, To address and headers. ;mail.log = ; Log mail to syslog (Event Log on Windows). ;mail.log = syslog [SQL] ; http://php.net/sql.safe-mode sql.safe_mode = Off [ODBC] ; http://php.net/odbc.default-db ;odbc.default_db = Not yet implemented ; http://php.net/odbc.default-user ;odbc.default_user = Not yet implemented ; http://php.net/odbc.default-pw ;odbc.default_pw = Not yet implemented ; Controls the ODBC cursor model. ; Default: SQL_CURSOR_STATIC (default). ;odbc.default_cursortype ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/odbc.allow-persistent odbc.allow_persistent = On ; Check that a connection is still valid before reuse. ; http://php.net/odbc.check-persistent odbc.check_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/odbc.max-persistent odbc.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/odbc.max-links odbc.max_links = -1 ; Handling of LONG fields. Returns number of bytes to variables. 0 means ; passthru. ; http://php.net/odbc.defaultlrl odbc.defaultlrl = 4096 ; Handling of binary data. 0 means passthru, 1 return as is, 2 convert to char. ; See the documentation on odbc_binmode and odbc_longreadlen for an explanation ; of odbc.defaultlrl and odbc.defaultbinmode ; http://php.net/odbc.defaultbinmode odbc.defaultbinmode = 1 ;birdstep.max_links = -1 [Interbase] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ibase.allow_persistent = 1 ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ibase.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ibase.max_links = -1 ; Default database name for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_db = ; Default username for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_user = ; Default password for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_password = ; Default charset for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_charset = ; Default timestamp format. ibase.timestampformat = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S" ; Default date format. ibase.dateformat = "%Y-%m-%d" ; Default time format. ibase.timeformat = "%H:%M:%S" [MySQL] ; Allow accessing, from PHP's perspective, local files with LOAD DATA statements ; http://php.net/mysql.allow_local_infile mysql.allow_local_infile = On ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/mysql.allow-persistent mysql.allow_persistent = On ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/mysql.cache_size mysql.cache_size = 2000 ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysql.max-persistent mysql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysql.max-links mysql.max_links = -1 ; Default port number for mysql_connect(). If unset, mysql_connect() will use ; the $MYSQL_TCP_PORT or the mysql-tcp entry in /etc/services or the ; compile-time value defined MYSQL_PORT (in that order). Win32 will only look ; at MYSQL_PORT. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-port mysql.default_port = ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-socket mysql.default_socket = ; Default host for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysql.default-host mysql.default_host = ; Default user for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysql.default-user mysql.default_user = ; Default password for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; Note that this is generally a *bad* idea to store passwords in this file. ; *Any* user with PHP access can run 'echo get_cfg_var("mysql.default_password") ; and reveal this password! And of course, any users with read access to this ; file will be able to reveal the password as well. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-password mysql.default_password = ; Maximum time (in seconds) for connect timeout. -1 means no limit ; http://php.net/mysql.connect-timeout mysql.connect_timeout = 60 ; Trace mode. When trace_mode is active (=On), warnings for table/index scans and ; SQL-Errors will be displayed. ; http://php.net/mysql.trace-mode mysql.trace_mode = Off [MySQLi] ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysqli.max-persistent mysqli.max_persistent = -1 ; Allow accessing, from PHP's perspective, local files with LOAD DATA statements ; http://php.net/mysqli.allow_local_infile ;mysqli.allow_local_infile = On ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/mysqli.allow-persistent mysqli.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysqli.max-links mysqli.max_links = -1 ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/mysqli.cache_size mysqli.cache_size = 2000 ; Default port number for mysqli_connect(). If unset, mysqli_connect() will use ; the $MYSQL_TCP_PORT or the mysql-tcp entry in /etc/services or the ; compile-time value defined MYSQL_PORT (in that order). Win32 will only look ; at MYSQL_PORT. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-port mysqli.default_port = 3306 ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-socket mysqli.default_socket = ; Default host for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-host mysqli.default_host = ; Default user for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-user mysqli.default_user = ; Default password for mysqli_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; Note that this is generally a *bad* idea to store passwords in this file. ; *Any* user with PHP access can run 'echo get_cfg_var("mysqli.default_pw") ; and reveal this password! And of course, any users with read access to this ; file will be able to reveal the password as well. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-pw mysqli.default_pw = ; Allow or prevent reconnect mysqli.reconnect = Off [mysqlnd] ; Enable / Disable collection of general statistics by mysqlnd which can be ; used to tune and monitor MySQL operations. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.collect_statistics mysqlnd.collect_statistics = On ; Enable / Disable collection of memory usage statistics by mysqlnd which can be ; used to tune and monitor MySQL operations. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.collect_memory_statistics mysqlnd.collect_memory_statistics = On ; Size of a pre-allocated buffer used when sending commands to MySQL in bytes. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.net_cmd_buffer_size ;mysqlnd.net_cmd_buffer_size = 2048 ; Size of a pre-allocated buffer used for reading data sent by the server in ; bytes. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.net_read_buffer_size ;mysqlnd.net_read_buffer_size = 32768 [OCI8] ; Connection: Enables privileged connections using external ; credentials (OCI_SYSOPER, OCI_SYSDBA) ; http://php.net/oci8.privileged-connect ;oci8.privileged_connect = Off ; Connection: The maximum number of persistent OCI8 connections per ; process. Using -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/oci8.max-persistent ;oci8.max_persistent = -1 ; Connection: The maximum number of seconds a process is allowed to ; maintain an idle persistent connection. Using -1 means idle ; persistent connections will be maintained forever. ; http://php.net/oci8.persistent-timeout ;oci8.persistent_timeout = -1 ; Connection: The number of seconds that must pass before issuing a ; ping during oci_pconnect() to check the connection validity. When ; set to 0, each oci_pconnect() will cause a ping. Using -1 disables ; pings completely. ; http://php.net/oci8.ping-interval ;oci8.ping_interval = 60 ; Connection: Set this to a user chosen connection class to be used ; for all pooled server requests with Oracle 11g Database Resident ; Connection Pooling (DRCP). To use DRCP, this value should be set to ; the same string for all web servers running the same application, ; the database pool must be configured, and the connection string must ; specify to use a pooled server. ;oci8.connection_class = ; High Availability: Using On lets PHP receive Fast Application ; Notification (FAN) events generated when a database node fails. The ; database must also be configured to post FAN events. ;oci8.events = Off ; Tuning: This option enables statement caching, and specifies how ; many statements to cache. Using 0 disables statement caching. ; http://php.net/oci8.statement-cache-size ;oci8.statement_cache_size = 20 ; Tuning: Enables statement prefetching and sets the default number of ; rows that will be fetched automatically after statement execution. ; http://php.net/oci8.default-prefetch ;oci8.default_prefetch = 100 ; Compatibility. Using On means oci_close() will not close ; oci_connect() and oci_new_connect() connections. ; http://php.net/oci8.old-oci-close-semantics ;oci8.old_oci_close_semantics = Off [PostgreSQL] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/pgsql.allow-persistent pgsql.allow_persistent = On ; Detect broken persistent links always with pg_pconnect(). ; Auto reset feature requires a little overheads. ; http://php.net/pgsql.auto-reset-persistent pgsql.auto_reset_persistent = Off ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/pgsql.max-persistent pgsql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent+non persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/pgsql.max-links pgsql.max_links = -1 ; Ignore PostgreSQL backends Notice message or not. ; Notice message logging require a little overheads. ; http://php.net/pgsql.ignore-notice pgsql.ignore_notice = 0 ; Log PostgreSQL backends Notice message or not. ; Unless pgsql.ignore_notice=0, module cannot log notice message. ; http://php.net/pgsql.log-notice pgsql.log_notice = 0 [Sybase-CT] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/sybct.allow-persistent sybct.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/sybct.max-persistent sybct.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/sybct.max-links sybct.max_links = -1 ; Minimum server message severity to display. ; http://php.net/sybct.min-server-severity sybct.min_server_severity = 10 ; Minimum client message severity to display. ; http://php.net/sybct.min-client-severity sybct.min_client_severity = 10 ; Set per-context timeout ; http://php.net/sybct.timeout ;sybct.timeout= ;sybct.packet_size ; The maximum time in seconds to wait for a connection attempt to succeed before returning failure. ; Default: one minute ;sybct.login_timeout= ; The name of the host you claim to be connecting from, for display by sp_who. ; Default: none ;sybct.hostname= ; Allows you to define how often deadlocks are to be retried. -1 means "forever". ; Default: 0 ;sybct.deadlock_retry_count= [bcmath] ; Number of decimal digits for all bcmath functions. ; http://php.net/bcmath.scale bcmath.scale = 0 [browscap] ; http://php.net/browscap ;browscap = extra/browscap.ini [Session] ; Handler used to store/retrieve data. ; http://php.net/session.save-handler session.save_handler = files ; Argument passed to save_handler. In the case of files, this is the path ; where data files are stored. Note: Windows users have to change this ; variable in order to use PHP's session functions. ; ; The path can be defined as: ; ; session.save_path = "N;/path" ; ; where N is an integer. Instead of storing all the session files in ; /path, what this will do is use subdirectories N-levels deep, and ; store the session data in those directories. This is useful if you ; or your OS have problems with lots of files in one directory, and is ; a more efficient layout for servers that handle lots of sessions. ; ; NOTE 1: PHP will not create this directory structure automatically. ; You can use the script in the ext/session dir for that purpose. ; NOTE 2: See the section on garbage collection below if you choose to ; use subdirectories for session storage ; ; The file storage module creates files using mode 600 by default. ; You can change that by using ; ; session.save_path = "N;MODE;/path" ; ; where MODE is the octal representation of the mode. Note that this ; does not overwrite the process's umask. ; http://php.net/session.save-path ;session.save_path = "/tmp" ; Whether to use cookies. ; http://php.net/session.use-cookies session.use_cookies = 1 ; http://php.net/session.cookie-secure ;session.cookie_secure = ; This option forces PHP to fetch and use a cookie for storing and maintaining ; the session id. We encourage this operation as it's very helpful in combating ; session hijacking when not specifying and managing your own session id. It is ; not the end all be all of session hijacking defense, but it's a good start. ; http://php.net/session.use-only-cookies session.use_only_cookies = 1 ; Name of the session (used as cookie name). ; http://php.net/session.name session.name = PHPSESSID ; Initialize session on request startup. ; http://php.net/session.auto-start session.auto_start = 0 ; Lifetime in seconds of cookie or, if 0, until browser is restarted. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-lifetime session.cookie_lifetime = 0 ; The path for which the cookie is valid. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-path session.cookie_path = / ; The domain for which the cookie is valid. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-domain session.cookie_domain = ; Whether or not to add the httpOnly flag to the cookie, which makes it inaccessible to browser scripting languages such as JavaScript. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-httponly session.cookie_httponly = ; Handler used to serialize data. php is the standard serializer of PHP. ; http://php.net/session.serialize-handler session.serialize_handler = php ; Defines the probability that the 'garbage collection' process is started ; on every session initialization. The probability is calculated by using ; gc_probability/gc_divisor. Where session.gc_probability is the numerator ; and gc_divisor is the denominator in the equation. Setting this value to 1 ; when the session.gc_divisor value is 100 will give you approximately a 1% chance ; the gc will run on any give request. ; Default Value: 1 ; Development Value: 1 ; Production Value: 1 ; http://php.net/session.gc-probability session.gc_probability = 1 ; Defines the probability that the 'garbage collection' process is started on every ; session initialization. The probability is calculated by using the following equation: ; gc_probability/gc_divisor. Where session.gc_probability is the numerator and ; session.gc_divisor is the denominator in the equation. Setting this value to 1 ; when the session.gc_divisor value is 100 will give you approximately a 1% chance ; the gc will run on any give request. Increasing this value to 1000 will give you ; a 0.1% chance the gc will run on any give request. For high volume production servers, ; this is a more efficient approach. ; Default Value: 100 ; Development Value: 1000 ; Production Value: 1000 ; http://php.net/session.gc-divisor session.gc_divisor = 1000 ; After this number of seconds, stored data will be seen as 'garbage' and ; cleaned up by the garbage collection process. ; http://php.net/session.gc-maxlifetime session.gc_maxlifetime = 1440 ; NOTE: If you are using the subdirectory option for storing session files ; (see session.save_path above), then garbage collection does *not* ; happen automatically. You will need to do your own garbage ; collection through a shell script, cron entry, or some other method. ; For example, the following script would is the equivalent of ; setting session.gc_maxlifetime to 1440 (1440 seconds = 24 minutes): ; find /path/to/sessions -cmin +24 -type f | xargs rm ; Check HTTP Referer to invalidate externally stored URLs containing ids. ; HTTP_REFERER has to contain this substring for the session to be ; considered as valid. ; http://php.net/session.referer-check session.referer_check = ; How many bytes to read from the file. ; http://php.net/session.entropy-length ;session.entropy_length = 32 ; Specified here to create the session id. ; http://php.net/session.entropy-file ; Defaults to /dev/urandom ; On systems that don't have /dev/urandom but do have /dev/arandom, this will default to /dev/arandom ; If neither are found at compile time, the default is no entropy file. ; On windows, setting the entropy_length setting will activate the ; Windows random source (using the CryptoAPI) ;session.entropy_file = /dev/urandom ; Set to {nocache,private,public,} to determine HTTP caching aspects ; or leave this empty to avoid sending anti-caching headers. ; http://php.net/session.cache-limiter session.cache_limiter = nocache ; Document expires after n minutes. ; http://php.net/session.cache-expire session.cache_expire = 180 ; trans sid support is disabled by default. ; Use of trans sid may risk your users security. ; Use this option with caution. ; - User may send URL contains active session ID ; to other person via. email/irc/etc. ; - URL that contains active session ID may be stored ; in publicly accessible computer. ; - User may access your site with the same session ID ; always using URL stored in browser's history or bookmarks. ; http://php.net/session.use-trans-sid session.use_trans_sid = 0 ; Select a hash function for use in generating session ids. ; Possible Values ; 0 (MD5 128 bits) ; 1 (SHA-1 160 bits) ; This option may also be set to the name of any hash function supported by ; the hash extension. A list of available hashes is returned by the hash_algos() ; function. ; http://php.net/session.hash-function session.hash_function = 0 ; Define how many bits are stored in each character when converting ; the binary hash data to something readable. ; Possible values: ; 4 (4 bits: 0-9, a-f) ; 5 (5 bits: 0-9, a-v) ; 6 (6 bits: 0-9, a-z, A-Z, "-", ",") ; Default Value: 4 ; Development Value: 5 ; Production Value: 5 ; http://php.net/session.hash-bits-per-character session.hash_bits_per_character = 5 ; The URL rewriter will look for URLs in a defined set of HTML tags. ; form/fieldset are special; if you include them here, the rewriter will ; add a hidden <input> field with the info which is otherwise appended ; to URLs. If you want XHTML conformity, remove the form entry. ; Note that all valid entries require a "=", even if no value follows. ; Default Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,form=,fieldset=" ; Development Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; Production Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; http://php.net/url-rewriter.tags url_rewriter.tags = "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; Enable upload progress tracking in $_SESSION ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.enabled ;session.upload_progress.enabled = On ; Cleanup the progress information as soon as all POST data has been read ; (i.e. upload completed). ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.cleanup ;session.upload_progress.cleanup = On ; A prefix used for the upload progress key in $_SESSION ; Default Value: "upload_progress_" ; Development Value: "upload_progress_" ; Production Value: "upload_progress_" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.prefix ;session.upload_progress.prefix = "upload_progress_" ; The index name (concatenated with the prefix) in $_SESSION ; containing the upload progress information ; Default Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; Development Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; Production Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.name ;session.upload_progress.name = "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; How frequently the upload progress should be updated. ; Given either in percentages (per-file), or in bytes ; Default Value: "1%" ; Development Value: "1%" ; Production Value: "1%" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.freq ;session.upload_progress.freq = "1%" ; The minimum delay between updates, in seconds ; Default Value: 1 ; Development Value: 1 ; Production Value: 1 ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.min-freq ;session.upload_progress.min_freq = "1" [MSSQL] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. mssql.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. mssql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent+non persistent). -1 means no limit. mssql.max_links = -1 ; Minimum error severity to display. mssql.min_error_severity = 10 ; Minimum message severity to display. mssql.min_message_severity = 10 ; Compatibility mode with old versions of PHP 3.0. mssql.compatability_mode = Off ; Connect timeout ;mssql.connect_timeout = 5 ; Query timeout ;mssql.timeout = 60 ; Valid range 0 - 2147483647. Default = 4096. ;mssql.textlimit = 4096 ; Valid range 0 - 2147483647. Default = 4096. ;mssql.textsize = 4096 ; Limits the number of records in each batch. 0 = all records in one batch. ;mssql.batchsize = 0 ; Specify how datetime and datetim4 columns are returned ; On => Returns data converted to SQL server settings ; Off => Returns values as YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ;mssql.datetimeconvert = On ; Use NT authentication when connecting to the server mssql.secure_connection = Off ; Specify max number of processes. -1 = library default ; msdlib defaults to 25 ; FreeTDS defaults to 4096 ;mssql.max_procs = -1 ; Specify client character set. ; If empty or not set the client charset from freetds.conf is used ; This is only used when compiled with FreeTDS ;mssql.charset = "ISO-8859-1" [Assertion] ; Assert(expr); active by default. ; http://php.net/assert.active ;assert.active = On ; Issue a PHP warning for each failed assertion. ; http://php.net/assert.warning ;assert.warning = On ; Don't bail out by default. ; http://php.net/assert.bail ;assert.bail = Off ; User-function to be called if an assertion fails. ; http://php.net/assert.callback ;assert.callback = 0 ; Eval the expression with current error_reporting(). Set to true if you want ; error_reporting(0) around the eval(). ; http://php.net/assert.quiet-eval ;assert.quiet_eval = 0 [COM] ; path to a file containing GUIDs, IIDs or filenames of files with TypeLibs ; http://php.net/com.typelib-file ;com.typelib_file = ; allow Distributed-COM calls ; http://php.net/com.allow-dcom ;com.allow_dcom = true ; autoregister constants of a components typlib on com_load() ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-typelib ;com.autoregister_typelib = true ; register constants casesensitive ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-casesensitive ;com.autoregister_casesensitive = false ; show warnings on duplicate constant registrations ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-verbose ;com.autoregister_verbose = true ; The default character set code-page to use when passing strings to and from COM objects. ; Default: system ANSI code page ;com.code_page= [mbstring] ; language for internal character representation. ; http://php.net/mbstring.language ;mbstring.language = Japanese ; internal/script encoding. ; Some encoding cannot work as internal encoding. ; (e.g. SJIS, BIG5, ISO-2022-*) ; http://php.net/mbstring.internal-encoding ;mbstring.internal_encoding = EUC-JP ; http input encoding. ; http://php.net/mbstring.http-input ;mbstring.http_input = auto ; http output encoding. mb_output_handler must be ; registered as output buffer to function ; http://php.net/mbstring.http-output ;mbstring.http_output = SJIS ; enable automatic encoding translation according to ; mbstring.internal_encoding setting. Input chars are ; converted to internal encoding by setting this to On. ; Note: Do _not_ use automatic encoding translation for ; portable libs/applications. ; http://php.net/mbstring.encoding-translation ;mbstring.encoding_translation = Off ; automatic encoding detection order. ; auto means ; http://php.net/mbstring.detect-order ;mbstring.detect_order = auto ; substitute_character used when character cannot be converted ; one from another ; http://php.net/mbstring.substitute-character ;mbstring.substitute_character = none; ; overload(replace) single byte functions by mbstring functions. ; mail(), ereg(), etc are overloaded by mb_send_mail(), mb_ereg(), ; etc. Possible values are 0,1,2,4 or combination of them. ; For example, 7 for overload everything. ; 0: No overload ; 1: Overload mail() function ; 2: Overload str*() functions ; 4: Overload ereg*() functions ; http://php.net/mbstring.func-overload ;mbstring.func_overload = 0 ; enable strict encoding detection. ;mbstring.strict_detection = Off ; This directive specifies the regex pattern of content types for which mb_output_handler() ; is activated. ; Default: mbstring.http_output_conv_mimetype=^(text/|application/xhtml\+xml) ;mbstring.http_output_conv_mimetype= [gd] ; Tell the jpeg decode to ignore warnings and try to create ; a gd image. The warning will then be displayed as notices ; disabled by default ; http://php.net/gd.jpeg-ignore-warning ;gd.jpeg_ignore_warning = 0 [exif] ; Exif UNICODE user comments are handled as UCS-2BE/UCS-2LE and JIS as JIS. ; With mbstring support this will automatically be converted into the encoding ; given by corresponding encode setting. When empty mbstring.internal_encoding ; is used. For the decode settings you can distinguish between motorola and ; intel byte order. A decode setting cannot be empty. ; http://php.net/exif.encode-unicode ;exif.encode_unicode = ISO-8859-15 ; http://php.net/exif.decode-unicode-motorola ;exif.decode_unicode_motorola = UCS-2BE ; http://php.net/exif.decode-unicode-intel ;exif.decode_unicode_intel = UCS-2LE ; http://php.net/exif.encode-jis ;exif.encode_jis = ; http://php.net/exif.decode-jis-motorola ;exif.decode_jis_motorola = JIS ; http://php.net/exif.decode-jis-intel ;exif.decode_jis_intel = JIS [Tidy] ; The path to a default tidy configuration file to use when using tidy ; http://php.net/tidy.default-config ;tidy.default_config = /usr/local/lib/php/default.tcfg ; Should tidy clean and repair output automatically? ; WARNING: Do not use this option if you are generating non-html content ; such as dynamic images ; http://php.net/tidy.clean-output tidy.clean_output = Off [soap] ; Enables or disables WSDL caching feature. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-enabled soap.wsdl_cache_enabled=1 ; Sets the directory name where SOAP extension will put cache files. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-dir soap.wsdl_cache_dir="/tmp" ; (time to live) Sets the number of second while cached file will be used ; instead of original one. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-ttl soap.wsdl_cache_ttl=86400 ; Sets the size of the cache limit. (Max. number of WSDL files to cache) soap.wsdl_cache_limit = 5 [sysvshm] ; A default size of the shared memory segment ;sysvshm.init_mem = 10000 [ldap] ; Sets the maximum number of open links or -1 for unlimited. ldap.max_links = -1 [mcrypt] ; For more information about mcrypt settings see http://php.net/mcrypt-module-open ; Directory where to load mcrypt algorithms ; Default: Compiled in into libmcrypt (usually /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt) ;mcrypt.algorithms_dir= ; Directory where to load mcrypt modes ; Default: Compiled in into libmcrypt (usually /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt) ;mcrypt.modes_dir= [dba] ;dba.default_handler= [curl] ; A default value for the CURLOPT_CAINFO option. This is required to be an ; absolute path. ;curl.cainfo = ; Local Variables: ; tab-width: 4 ; End:
EhLib 9.3 Build 9.3.026 source included version. ------------------------------------------------- The Library contains components and classes for Borland Delphi versions 7, 9, Developer Studio 2006, Delphi 2007, Embarcadero RAD Studio 2009-XE10.3, Lazarus. TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------- Overview Installation Library Installation Help Demonstration Programs Registering and Prices Other information About author Where to start. ------------------- Start overview of the library with the main Demo project .\Demos\Bin\MainDemo.Exe. (Compiled Demo files are available in the Evaluation version of the library) If you've used previous versions of the library, then you can read a summary of the new features and changes in the file history-eng.html. More detail about new features in this version of the library can be found in the file - About EhLib 9.2 Eng.doc To install a new version of the library in the IDE, use the installation program .\Installer\EhLibInstaller.exe If, at the installation have any problems, write a letter to ehlib support address [email protected] You can also install the files in the library IDE manually, as described in Section 2. Installation Library After installation, make sure the operability of all installed components. To do this, open the IDE, compile and launch a major demonstration project .\Demos\MainDemo\Project1_XE2.dpr Read next file for full instructions of working with the library components: .\Hlp\ENG\"EhLib - Users guide.doc" Read about EhLib for Lazarus in the file - Lazarus<*>\readme.txt Overview -------- The Library contains several components and objects. TDBGridEh component TDBGridEh provides all functionality of TDBGrid and adds several new features as follows: Allows to select records, columns and rectangle areas. Special titles that can correspond to several/all columns. Footer that is able to show sum/count/other field values. Automatic column resizing to set grid width equal client width. Ability to change row and title height. Allows automatic broken of a single line long title and data row to a multiline. Title can act as button and, optionally show a sort marker. Automatically sortmarking. Ability to truncate long text with ellipsis. Lookup list can show several fields. Incremental search in lookup fields. Frozen columns. DateTime picker support for TDateField and TDateTimeField. Allows to show bitmaps from TImageList depending on field value. Allows to hide and track horizontal or vertical scrollbars. Allows to hide columns. Allows to show 3D frame for frozen, footer and data rows. Allows to draw memo fields. Multiline inplace editor. Proportional scrolling independently of sequenced of dataset. Automatically show checkboxes for Boolean fields. Allows to show checkboxes for other type of fields. Has a procedures to save and restore layout (visible columns, columns order, columns width, sortmarkers, row height) in/from registry or ini file. Allows to show hint (ToolTips) for text that don't fit in the cell. Allows to export data to Text, Csv, HTML, RTF, XLS and internal formats. Allows to import data from Text and internal formats. Can sort data in various dataset's. Can filter data in various dataset's. When DBGridEh is connected to DataSet of TMemTable type it allows: To view all data without moving active record. To display a tree-type structure of TMemTable records. To form list of values in dropdown list of SubTitle filter automatically. To create grouping records basing on the selected coulmns. TDBVertGridEh component Component to show one record from dataset in Vertical Orientation. Have a special column to show Field Captions Can customize inplace editor and data of the cell like in DBGridEh. TDBLookupComboboxEh component Provides all functionality of TDBLookupCombobox and adds several new features as follows: Can have flat style. Allows assign values as to KeyValue property just and to display Text property. Allows to type (assign) values to Text property not contained in data list (Style = csDropDownEh). Allows to hold KeyValue and Text as not affecting to each other values. Take effect when KeyField, ListField, ListSource, DataField and DataSource properties is empty. Drop down list can: Show titles, Have sizing grip, Automaticaly set width as sum of DisplayWidth of the list fields (Width = -1), Automaticaly drops on user pressed the key. Edit button can: Show DropDown, Ellipsis or Bitmap image. Have specified width. Have additional events: OnKeyValueChanged, OnButtonClick. TDBSumList component This component is intended for totaling sums and amounts of records in a TDataSet with dynamic changes. Component keeps a list of TDBSum objects, which contains types of group operations (goSum or goCount) and name sum field (goCount name of field is unnecessary). TPrintDBGridEh component TPrintDBGridEh provides properties and routines for preview and print of TDBGridEh component with several features: Ability to expand rows vertically until all text is printed. Ability to scale grid to fit it to page width. Ability to print/preview title for grid. Ability to print/preview page header and page footer where you can specify macros for current page, current date, current time and/or static text. Automatically print/preview multiselected area of TDBGridEh if it area is not empty. Ability to print/preview rich text before and after grid. TPreviewBox component TPreviewBox lets you create a customizable runtime preview. TPrinterPreview object TPrinterPreview lets you to record printable data in buffer for following output them on screen and to printer. TPrinterPreview have all functions and properties as in TPrinter object. You can use TPrinterPreview object similarly of TPrinter except some details. In TPrinter Printer.Canvas.Handle and Printer.Handle is the same but in TPrinterPreview PrinterPreview.Canvas.Handle represent the metafile in that is recored the data and PrinterPreview.Handle represent Printer.Handle. That is mean that you have to use PrinterPreview.Canvas.Handle for draw operation (DrawText, DrawTexteEx, e.t.c.) and use PrinterPreview.Handle in functions that return information about printer facilities (GetDeviceCaps, e.t.c.). Global function PrinterPreview returns default PrinterPreview object and shows data in default preview form. TDBEditEh component represents a single or multi-line edit control that can display and edit a field in a dataset or can works as non data-aware edit control. TDBDateTimeEditEh component represents a single-line date or time edit control that can display and edit a datetime field in a dataset or can works as non data-aware edit control. TDBComboBoxEh component represents a single or multi-line edit control that combines an edit box with a scrollable list and can display and edit a field in a dataset or can works as non data-aware combo edit control. TDBNumberEditEh component represents a single-line number edit control that can display and edit a numeric field in a dataset or can works as non data-aware edit control. TPropStorageEh, TIniPropStorageManEh, TRegPropStorageManEh components Components realize technology to store component properties to/from settings storage such as ini files, registry etc. TMemTableEh component dataset, which hold data in memory. Its possible consider as an array of records. Besides, it: Supports a special interface, which allows DBGridEh component to view all data without moving active record. Allows fetch data from TDataDriverEh object (DataDriver property). Allows unload change back in DataDriver, operative or postponed (in dependencies of the CachedUpdates property). Allows to create a master/detail relations on the client (filtering record) or on the external source (updating parameters [Params] and requiring data from DataDriver). Allows once-only (without the dynamic support) sort data, including Calculated and Lookup field. Allows create and fill data in design-time and save data in dfm file of the Form. Allows keep record in the manner of trees. Each record can have record elements-branches and itself be an element to other parental record. Component TDBGridEh supports to show the tree-type structure of these records. Allows to connect to the internal array of other TMemTableEh (via ExternalMemData property) and work with its data: sort, filter, edit. Has interface for requesting list of all unique values in one column of records array, ignoring local filter of the DataSet. TDBGridEh uses this property for automatic filling a list in DropDownBox of the subtitle filter cell. TDataDriverEh component carry out two tasks: Delivers data to TMemTableEh. Processes changed records of TMemTableEh (writes them in other dataset, or call events for processing the changes in program). TSQLDataDriverEh DataDriver that have four objects of the TSQLCommandEh type: SelectCommand, DeleteCommand, InsertCommand, UpdateCommand, GetrecCommand. TSQLDataDriverEh can not transfer queries to the server but it call global (for application) event which it is necessary to write to execute SQL expressions on the server. TBDEDataDriverEh, TIBXDataDriverEh, TDBXDataDriverEh and TADODataDriverEh Components. These are SQLDataDrivers that can deliver queries to the server using corresponding drivers of the access to datas. -------------------- 2. Installation Library -------------------- -------------------- 2.1 Installing library automatically -------------------- Run EhLibInstaller.exe program from "Installer" folder to install EhLib in Delphi/C++ Builder IDE. The program creates folders to keep EhLib binary and other requared files, copies requared files to created folders, compiles packages, register packages in IDE and write requared paths in registry. If you have executable installation program (for example, EhLibSetupD7Eval.exe) then you only need to run program and follow installation process. Setup automatically writes all units in necessary directory, installs packages and help files in IDE. -------------------- 2.2 Installing library manually ------------------- Follow next instructions to install files from EhLib archive: -- 2.2.1. For RAD Studio XE2 (Delphi) or higher: --------------------------------------------------------------------- Uninstall previous or evaluation version of EhLib (Old version) from Delphi IDE. Remove or copy to other directory files of old version to prevent crossing old and new version of EhLib (Including EhLib.bpl, EhLib.dcp or EhLibXX.bpl, EhLibXX.dcp, EhLibDataDriversXX, DclEhLibDataDriversXX files). These files can be located in the following folders on your computer C:\Users\All Users\Documents\RAD Studio\1X.0 C:\Users\All Users\Documents\Embarcadero\Studio\XX.0\Bpl C:\Users\All Users\Documents\Embarcadero\Studio\XX.0\Dcp Create new folder where source code and binary files will be kept (For example, C:\RAD_Studio_XE2\Components\EhLib). Hereinafter this folder will be call as "EhLib folder". Create new subfolder "Lib" in the "EhLib folder". Copy files from folders "Common", "RADStudioXE2" and "LangResources\Res" of EhLib archive into the folder "[EhLib folder]\Lib" as that all files were in one folder - "Lib". Default language resource of the library is English. If you want to change it to the other language do the next steps: - Select one of language file EhLibLangConsts.XXX.dfm - Copy this file to EhLibLangConsts.dfm file (with replacment of existing file) - In the first line of a new EhLibLangConsts.dfm file delete _XXX suffix in the name of object like this: object TEhLibLanguageConsts_ENU -> object TEhLibLanguageConsts Run RAD Studio IDE and Open EhLibProjGroup160.groupproj file from [EhLib folder]\Lib. Compile all packages of Prject Group. Install DclEhLibXX.Dpk and DclEhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk packages in IDE (Use Project/Install menu). Consistently compile packages EhLibXX.Dpk and EhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk in next modes: Win32\Debug Win64\Release Win64\Debug After compilation there should be created subfolders a Win32\Release, Win32\Debug, Win64\Release, Win64\Debug in the "[EhLib folder]\Lib" folder. Copy the *. dfm and *. res files from the "[Folder EhLib]\Lib" folder into the each of the next folders: Win32\Release, Win32\Debug, Win64\Release, Win64\Debug In the RAD Studio IDE add next paths: "[EhLib folder]\Lib\Win32\Release" path in the "Library path" for the Win32 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\Win32\Debug" path in the "Debug dcu" for the Win32 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\" path in the "Browsing path" for the Win32 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\Win64\Release" path in the "Library path" for the Win64 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\Win64\Debug" path in the "Debug dcu" for the Win64 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\" path in the "Browsing path" for the Win64 platform. -- Copy DEMOS folder from the Archive EhLib to the "[EhLib Folder]". Open and compile any demo project for test. 2.2.2. Delphi 5.x - 7.x, Delphi 9.X Win32, BDS2006 Win32, Delphi2007, CodeGear RAD Studio 2009: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Uninstall previous or evaluation version of EhLib (Old version) from Delphi IDE. Remove or copy to other directory files of old version to prevent crossing old and new version of EhLib (Including EhLib.bpl, EhLib.dcp or EhLibXX.bpl, EhLibXX.dcp, EhLibDataDriversXX, DclEhLibDataDriversXX files). Create directory from which you will install EhLib library ('EhLib directory') (for example, C:\Delphi[X]\EhLib). Copy files from "Common", "Delphi[X]" | "BDS2006" and "LangResources\Res.Ansi" folders of the EhLib archive to 'EhLib directory'. Default language resource of the library is English. If you want to change it to the other language do the next steps: - Select one of language file EhLibLangConsts.XXX.dfm - Copy this file to EhLibLangConsts.dfm file (with replacment of existing file) - In the first line of a new EhLibLangConsts.dfm file delete _XXX suffix in the name of object like this: object TEhLibLanguageConsts_ENU -> object TEhLibLanguageConsts By default Delphi (5, 6 and 7) places compiled files to the <Delphi path>\Projects\Bpl directory and this directory already present in the search PATH. But if you overwrite default BPL directory then you need put compiled EhLibXX.BPL file into directory that is accessible through the search PATH (i.e. DOS "PATH" environment variable; for example, in the Windows\System directory). Add, (if needed) 'EhLib directory' in Tools->Environment Options->Library-> Library Path (For Delphi 9 in Tools->Options->Environment Options-> Delphi Options->Library - Win32->Library Path). Use "File\Open..." menu item of Delphi IDE to open the runtime package - EhLibXX.Dpk. In "Package..." window click "Compile" button to compile the package. After that open and compile EhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk. After compiling run-time packages install design-time packages DclEhLibXX.BPL and DclEhLibDataDriversXX.BPL into the IDE. For that use "File\Open..." menu item to open design-time package DclEhLibXX.Dpk. In "Package..." window click "Compile" button to compile the package and then click "Install" button to register EhLib components on the component palette. Open and install DclEhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk package. EhLib components have to appear on 'EhLib' page of components palette. 2.2.4. Delphi 9.X Vcl.Net, , BDS2006 Vcl.Net: ---------------------------------------- Uninstall previous or evaluation version of EhLib (Old version) from Delphi IDE. Remove or copy to other directory files of old version to prevent crossing old and new version of EhLib (Including Vcl.EhLib90.dll, Vcl.DclEhLib90.dll, Vcl.EhLibDataDrivers90.dll, Vcl.DclEhLibDataDrivers90.dll files). Create directory from which you will install EhLib library ('EhLib directory') (for example, C:\BDS\3.0\EhLibVclNet). Copy files from Common and Delphi9 directories of the EhLib archive to 'EhLib directory'. In Delphi IDE: Add, (if needed) 'EhLib directory' in Component->Installed .NET Components ...-> Assembly Search Paths. Add, (if needed) 'EhLib directory' in Tools->Options->Environment Options-> Delphi Options->Library - NET->Library Path. Use "File\Open..." menu item of Delphi IDE to open the runtime package - Vcl.EhLibXX.Dpk. In "Project Manager..." window, click right button above 'Vcl.EhLibXX.Dll' and select "Build" menu to compile package. After that, open and compile Vcl.EhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk, Vcl.DclEhLibXX.Dpk and Vcl.DclEhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk. Open menu "Component->Installed .NET Components ..."->.NET VCL Components. Press 'Add...' button. Locate 'Vcl.DclEhLibXX.dll' and press 'Open'. (By default, this file have to be located in 'EhLib directory' directory) Press 'Ok' in 'Installed .NET Components' Dialog. 4. Documentation and Help ------------------------- 4.1. This version of library doesn't have embedded help files for Delphi8 or Higher. But the online help is available on the ehlib home page - http://www.ehlib.com/online-help 4.2. Delphi 7.x: Copy the EhLib.hlp and EhLib.cnt files to the Delphi HELP subdirectory. Select Help|Customize to start the OpenHelp application. Add the EhLib.cnt file to the Contents page, add the EhLib.hlp file to the Index and Link pages. 5. Demonstration Programs and Projects -------------------------------------- Demonstration programs use tables from the DEMOS directory and ADO Data Access. Read description of Demo projects in the file Demos\Info Eng.doc 6. Registering and Prices ------------------------- The EhLib is a Commercial product. If you find it useful and want to receive the latest versions please register your evaluation copy. You can read detailed information about prices on ehlib home prices page http://www.ehlib.com/buy You can read detailed information about registration at https://secure.shareit.com/shareit/product.html?productid=102489 After registration you will receive (e-mail only) address of registered version for downloading and password for unpacking. By registering the components you get the following advantages: 1. You will get new versions of the library free within a year from the date of registration. 2. You will get technical support for the library all the time. 3. You encourage EhLib Team to make the library even better. 7. Other information ----------------- The ability to compile applications for OS X and Linux in combination with the CrossVCL library is only available in the EhLib version with source codes. The ability to compile applications under Linux is available only in the EhLib version with source codes. 8. About Company ---------------- Contact as if you have any questions, comments or suggestions: EhLib Team www: http://www.ehlib.com E-mail: [email protected] Skype support: ehlib.support
import pyntcloud from scipy.spatial import cKDTree import numpy as np def pass_through(cloud, limit_min=-10, limit_max=10, filter_value_name="z"): """ 直通滤波 :param cloud:输入点云 :param limit_min: 滤波条件的最小值 :param limit_max: 滤波条件的最大值 :param filter_value_name: 滤波字段(x or y or z) :return: 位于[limit_min,limit_max]范围的点云 """ points = np.asarray(cloud.points) if filter_value_name == "x": ind = np.where((points[:, 0] >= limit_min) & (points[:, 0] <= limit_max))[0] x_cloud = pcd.select_by_index(ind) return x_cloud elif filter_value_name == "y": ind = np.where((points[:, 1] >= limit_min) & (points[:, 1] <= limit_max))[0] y_cloud = cloud.select_by_index(ind) return y_cloud elif filter_value_name == "z": ind = np.where((points[:, 2] >= limit_min) & (points[:, 2] <= limit_max))[0] z_cloud = pcd.select_by_index(ind) return z_cloud # -------------------读取点云数据并可视化------------------------ # 读取原始点云数据 cloud_before=pyntcloud.PyntCloud.from_file("./data/pcd/000000.pcd") # 进行点云下采样/滤波操作 # 假设得到了处理后的点云(下采样或滤波后) pcd = o3d.io.read_point_cloud("./data/pcd/000000.pcd") filtered_cloud = pass_through(pcd, limit_min=-10, limit_max=10, filter_value_name="x") # 获得原始点云和处理后的点云的坐标值 points_before = cloud_before.points.values points_after = filtered_cloud.points.values # 使用KD-Tree将两组点云数据匹配对应,求解最近邻距离 kdtree_before = cKDTree(points_before) distances, _ = kdtree_before.query(points_after) # 计算平均距离误差 ade = np.mean(distances) print("滤波前后的点云平均距离误差为:", ade) o3d.visualization.draw_geometries([filtered_cloud], window_name="直通滤波", width=1024, height=768, left=50, top=50, mesh_show_back_face=False) # 创建一个窗口,设置窗口大小为800x600 vis = o3d.visualization.Visualizer() vis.create_window(width=800, height=600) # 设置视角点 ctr = vis.get_view_control() ctr.set_lookat([0, 0, 0]) ctr.set_up([0, 0, 1]) ctr.set_front([1, 0, 0])这段程序有什么问题吗
06-10
在这段程序中,有一个变量名写错了,`pcd`应该是`cloud`。具体来说,函数`pass_through`中的第一行将输入的点云转换成了`numpy`数组,变量名为`points`。而在后面的三个if语句中,分别使用了`pcd`而不是`cloud`来选择子集。这可能会导致`NameError`异常。因此,需要将`pcd`改为`cloud`。修改后的代码如下: ``` import pyntcloud from scipy.spatial import cKDTree import numpy as np import open3d as o3d def pass_through(cloud, limit_min=-10, limit_max=10, filter_value_name="z"): """ 直通滤波 :param cloud:输入点云 :param limit_min: 滤波条件的最小值 :param limit_max: 滤波条件的最大值 :param filter_value_name: 滤波字段(x or y or z) :return: 位于[limit_min,limit_max]范围的点云 """ points = np.asarray(cloud.points) if filter_value_name == "x": ind = np.where((points[:, 0] >= limit_min) & (points[:, 0] <= limit_max))[0] x_cloud = cloud.select_by_index(ind) return x_cloud elif filter_value_name == "y": ind = np.where((points[:, 1] >= limit_min) & (points[:, 1] <= limit_max))[0] y_cloud = cloud.select_by_index(ind) return y_cloud elif filter_value_name == "z": ind = np.where((points[:, 2] >= limit_min) & (points[:, 2] <= limit_max))[0] z_cloud = cloud.select_by_index(ind) return z_cloud # -------------------读取点云数据并可视化------------------------ # 读取原始点云数据 cloud_before = pyntcloud.PyntCloud.from_file("./data/pcd/000000.pcd") # 进行点云下采样/滤波操作 # 假设得到了处理后的点云(下采样或滤波后) cloud = o3d.io.read_point_cloud("./data/pcd/000000.pcd") filtered_cloud = pass_through(cloud, limit_min=-10, limit_max=10, filter_value_name="x") # 获得原始点云和处理后的点云的坐标值 points_before = cloud_before.points.values points_after = filtered_cloud.points.values # 使用KD-Tree将两组点云数据匹配对应,求解最近邻距离 kdtree_before = cKDTree(points_before) distances, _ = kdtree_before.query(points_after) # 计算平均距离误差 ade = np.mean(distances) print("滤波前后的点云平均距离误差为:", ade) o3d.visualization.draw_geometries([filtered_cloud], window_name="直通滤波", width=1024, height=768, mesh_show_back_face=False) # 创建一个窗口,设置窗口大小为800x600 vis = o3d.visualization.Visualizer() vis.create_window(width=800, height=600) # 设置视角点 ctr = vis.get_view_control() ctr.set_lookat([0, 0, 0]) ctr.set_up([0, 0, 1]) ctr.set_front([1, 0, 0]) ```

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