Python学习笔记hello_python_world8

本文记录是自己这个小菜鸡Python学习笔记
《Python编程从入门到实践》第八章

#第八章 函数



#8.1 定义函数
def greet_user():
	'''显示简单的问候语'''
	print('Hello! ')
	
greet_user()

'''
Hello!
'''

#向函数传递信息
def greet_user(username): 
	"""显示简单的问候语"""
	print("Hello, " + username.title() + "!") 
 
greet_user('jesse') 

'''
Hello, Jesse! 
'''

#形参与实参
#在函数greet_user()的定义中，变量username是一个形参
#在代码greet_user('jesse')中，值'jesse'是一个实参




#8.2 传递实参

#位置实参
#最简单的关联方式是基于实参的顺序，这种关联方式被称为位置实参
#位置实参中顺序极其重要
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name): 
	"""显示宠物的信息""" 
	print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".") 
	print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".") 
 
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry') 

'''
I have a hamster. 
My hamster's name is Harry. 
'''

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name): 
 """显示宠物的信息""" 
 print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".") 
 print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".") 
 
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry') 
describe_pet('dog', 'willie') 

'''
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.

I have a dog.
My dog's name is Willie.
'''

#关键字实参
#关键字实参是传递给函数的名称—值对
#关键字实参让你无需考虑函数调用中的实参顺序，还清楚地指出了函数调用中各个值的用途
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name): 
	"""显示宠物的信息""" 
	print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".") 
	print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".") 
 
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry') 

#默认值
#编写函数时，可给每个形参指定默认值
#在调用函数中给形参提供了实参时，Python将使用指定的实参值；否则，将使用形参的默认值
#因此，给形参指定默认值后，可在函数调用中省略相应的实参
#使用默认值可简化函数调用，还可清楚地指出函数的典型用法
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'): 
	"""显示宠物的信息""" 
	print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".") 
	print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".") 

describe_pet(pet_name='willie') 

'''
I have a dog. 
My dog's name is Willie. 
'''

#等效的函数调用
'''
# 一条名为Willie的小狗
describe_pet('willie') 
describe_pet(pet_name='willie') 
# 一只名为Harry的仓鼠
describe_pet('harry', 'hamster') 
describe_pet(pet_name='harry', animal_type='hamster') 
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry') 
'''

#避免实参错误
#等你开始使用函数后，如果遇到实参不匹配错误，不要大惊小怪
#你提供的实参多于或少于函数完成其工作所需的信息时，将出现实参不匹配错误。
#例如，如果调用函数describe_pet()时没有指定任何实参



#8.3 返回值
#在函数中，可使用return语句将值返回到调用函数的代码行
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name): 
	"""返回整洁的姓名""" 
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name 
	return full_name.title() 

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix') 
print(musician) 

'''
Jimi Hendrix 
'''

#让实参变为可选的
#假设我们要扩展函数get_formatted_name()，使其还处理中间名
def get_formatted_name(first_name, middle_name, last_name): 
	"""返回整洁的姓名""" 
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name 
	return full_name.title() 
 
musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'lee', 'hooker') 
print(musician) 

#但并非所有人都有中间名，所以为了让中间名变为可选的
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''): 
	"""返回整洁的姓名""" 
	if middle_name: 
		full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name 
	else: 
		full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name 
	return full_name.title() 

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix') 
print(musician) 
musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'hooker', 'lee') 
print(musician) 

#返回字典
def build_person(first_name, last_name): 
	"""返回一个字典，其中包含有关一个人的信息""" 
	person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name} 
	return person 

musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix') 
print(musician) 

'''
{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendrix'} 
'''

def build_person(first_name, last_name, age=''): 
	"""返回一个字典，其中包含有关一个人的信息""" 
	person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name} 
	if age: 
		person['age'] = age 
	return person 

musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix', age=27) 
print(musician) 

'''
{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendrix', 'age': 27}
'''

#结合使用函数和 while 循环
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name): 
	"""返回整洁的姓名""" 
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name 
	return full_name.title() 

# 这是一个无限循环! 
while True: 
	print("\nPlease tell me your name:") 
	print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)") 
 
	f_name = input("First name: ") 
	if f_name == 'q': 
		break 
 
	l_name = input("Last name: ") 
	if l_name == 'q': 
		break 
 
	formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name) 
	print("\nHello, " + formatted_name + "!") 

'''
Please tell me your name: 
(enter 'q' at any time to quit) 
First name: eric 
Last name: matthes 
Hello, Eric Matthes! 
Please tell me your name: 
(enter 'q' at any time to quit) 
First name: q 
'''



#8.4 传递列表
def greet_users(names): 
	"""向列表中的每位用户都发出简单的问候""" 
	for name in names: 
		msg = "Hello, " + name.title() + "!" 
		print(msg) 

usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot'] 
greet_users(usernames) 

'''
Hello, Hannah!
Hello, Ty!
Hello, Margot!
'''

#在函数中修改列表

# 首先创建一个列表，其中包含一些要打印的设计
unprinted_designs = ['iphone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron'] 
completed_models = [] 
# 模拟打印每个设计，直到没有未打印的设计为止
# 打印每个设计后，都将其移到列表completed_models中
while unprinted_designs: 
	current_design = unprinted_designs.pop() 
 
	#模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程
	print("Printing model: " + current_design) 
	completed_models.append(current_design) 
 
# 显示打印好的所有模型
print("\nThe following models have been printed:") 
for completed_model in completed_models: 
	print(completed_model) 


#编写两个函数来实现功能
def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models): 
	""" 
	模拟打印每个设计，直到没有未打印的设计为止
	打印每个设计后，都将其移到列表completed_models中
	""" 
	while unprinted_designs: 
		current_design = unprinted_designs.pop() 
 
		# 模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程
		print("Printing model: " + current_design) 
		completed_models.append(current_design) 

def show_completed_models(completed_models): 
	"""显示打印好的所有模型""" 
	print("\nThe following models have been printed:") 
	for completed_model in completed_models: 
		print(completed_model) 
 
unprinted_designs = ['iphone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron'] 
completed_models = [] 

print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models) 
show_completed_models(completed_models) 


#禁止函数修改列表
#利用列表副本传递给函数
#如果不想清空未打印的设计列表，可像下面这样调用print_models()
#function_name(list_name[:])
#print_models(unprinted_designs[:], completed_models) 



#传递任意数量参数
def make_pizza(*toppings): 
	"""打印顾客点的所有配料""" 
	print(toppings) 
 
make_pizza('pepperoni') 
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese') 

'''
('pepperoni',) 
('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese') 
'''

def make_pizza(*toppings): 
	"""概述要制作的比萨""" 
	print("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings:") 
	for topping in toppings: 
		print("- " + topping) 
 
make_pizza('pepperoni') 
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

'''
Making a pizza with the following toppings: 
- pepperoni 
Making a pizza with the following toppings: 
- mushrooms 
- green peppers 
- extra cheese 
'''

#结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参
def make_pizza(size, *toppings): 
	"""概述要制作的比萨""" 
	print("\nMaking a " + str(size) + 
	"-inch pizza with the following toppings:") 
	for topping in toppings: 
		print("- " + topping) 
 
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni') 
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese') 

'''
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings: 
- pepperoni 
Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings: 
- mushrooms 
- green peppers 
- extra cheese 
'''

#使用任意数量的关键字实参
def build_profile(first, last, **user_info): 
	"""创建一个字典，其中包含我们知道的有关用户的一切""" 
	profile = {} 
	profile['first_name'] = first 
	profile['last_name'] = last 
	
	for key, value in user_info.items(): 
		profile[key] = value 
	return profile 

user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein', 
	location='princeton', 
	field='physics') 
print(user_profile)

'''
{'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name': 'einstein', 
'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics'} 
'''



#8.5 将函数存储在模块中

#导入整个模块
#使用模块内的函数module_name.function_name()
'''
创建一个新文件pizza.py

pizza.py


def make_pizza(size, *toppings): 
	"""概述要制作的比萨""" 
	print("\nMaking a " + str(size) + "-inch pizza with the following toppings:") 
	for topping in toppings: 
		print("- " + topping) 


在pizza.py所在的目录中创建另一个名为making_pizza.py的文件
在making_pizza.py文件中导入刚创建的模块，再调用make_pizza()两次

making_pizza.py


import pizza 

pizza.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni') 
pizza.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese') 


结果：
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings: 
- pepperoni 
Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings: 
- mushrooms 
- green peppers 
- extra cheese 


'''

#导入特定的函数
#from module_name import function_name
#from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_2
'''
from pizza import make_pizza 

make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni') 
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese') 

'''


#使用 as 给函数指定别名
#from module_name import function_name as fn
'''
from pizza import make_pizza as mp 

mp(16, 'pepperoni') 
mp(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese') 

'''


#使用 as 给模块指定别名
#import module_name as mn
'''
import pizza as p 

p.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni') 
p.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese') 

'''


#导入模块中的所有函数
#rom module_name import * 
'''
from pizza import * 

make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni') 
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese') 
'''



#8.7 函数编写指南

'''
给形参指定默认值时，等号两边不要有空格
def function_name(parameter_0, parameter_1='default value') 
'''

'''
def function_name( 
	parameter_0, parameter_1, parameter_2, 
	parameter_3, parameter_4, parameter_5): 
	function body...
'''