Python学习笔记hello_python_world10

本文记录是自己这个小菜鸡Python学习笔记
《Python编程从入门到实践》第十章

#第十章 文件和异常

'''
自己创建文本文件pi_digits.txt,内容如下：
3.1415926535
  8979323846
  2643383279
'''

#10.1 从文件中读取数据

#读取整个文件
#Python在当前执行的文件所在的目录中查找指定的文件
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object: 
	contents = file_object.read() 
	print(contents) 
	print(contents.rstrip()) 

'''
3.1415926535
  8979323846
  2643383279
'''

#文件路径
#with open('text_files\filename.txt') as file_object: 
#绝对路径：
#file_path = 'C:\Users\ehmatthes\other_files\text_files\filename.txt' 
#with open(file_path) as file_object: 
with open('E:\Python\digits\pi_digits.txt') as file_object: 
	contents = file_object.read()
	print(contents)
	print(contents.rstrip())

'''
3.1415926535
  8979323846
  2643383279
'''

#逐行读取
filename = 'pi_digits.txt' 
with open(filename) as file_object: 
	for line in file_object: 
		print(line) 

'''
3.1415926535

  8979323846

  2643383279
'''
 
#创建一个包含文件各行内容的列表
filename = 'pi_digits.txt' 

with open(filename) as file_object: 
	lines = file_object.readlines() 

for line in lines: 
	print(line.rstrip()) 

'''
3.1415926535
  8979323846
  2643383279
'''

#使用文件的内容
filename = 'pi_digits.txt' 

with open(filename) as file_object: 
	lines = file_object.readlines() 
	
pi_string = '' 
for line in lines: 
	pi_string += line.rstrip() 
 
print(pi_string) 
print(len(pi_string))

'''
3.1415926535  8979323846  2643383279
36
'''

'''
读取文本文件时，Python将其中的所有文本都解读为字符串。
如果你读取的是数字，并要将其作为数值使用，就必须使用函数int()将其转换为整数，
或使用函数float()将其转换为浮点数。
'''

filename = 'pi_digits.txt' 
with open(filename) as file_object: 
	lines = file_object.readlines() 
	pi_string = '' 

for line in lines: 
	pi_string += line.strip() 
 
print(pi_string) 
print(len(pi_string)) 

'''
3.141592653589793238462643383279
32
'''



#10.2 写入文件

#写入空文件
#如果你要写入的文件不存在，函数open()将自动创建它
#open()函数第一个参数表示要带开的文件名称，第二个参数表示打开方式
#'r'读取模式
#'w'写入模式
#'a'附加模式
#'r+'读取和写入模式 
filename = 'programming.txt'

with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
	file_object.write("I love programming.")


'''
以写入（'w'）模式打开文件时千万要小心，
因为如果指定的文件已经存在，Python将在返回文件对象前清空该文件。
'''

'''
这个程序没有终端输出，
但如果你打开文件programming.txt，将看到其中包含如下一行内容：
I love programming. 
'''

#写入多行

filename = 'programming.txt' 

with open(filename, 'w') as file_object: 
	file_object.write("I love programming.") 
	file_object.write("I love creating new games.") 

'''
I love programming.I love creating new games. 
'''


filename = 'programming.txt' 

with open(filename, 'w') as file_object: 
	file_object.write("I love programming.\n") 
	file_object.write("I love creating new games.\n") 

'''
I love programming. 
I love creating new games. 
'''

#附加到文件

filename = 'programming.txt' 

with open(filename, 'a') as file_object: 
	file_object.write("I also love finding meaning in large datasets.\n") 
	file_object.write("I love creating apps that can run in a browser.\n") 
	
'''
我们又写入了两行，它们被添加到文件programming.txt末尾：
I love programming. 
I love creating new games.
I also love finding meaning in large datasets. 
I love creating apps that can run in a browser. 
'''	


	
#10.3 异常

'''
每当发生让Python不知所措的错误时，它都会创建一个异常对象。
如果你编写了处理该异常的代码，程序将继续运行；
如果你未对异常进行处理，程序将停止，并显示一个traceback，其中包含有关异常的报告
'''

#处理 ZeroDivisionError 异常

'''
你可能知道不能将一个数字除以0，但我们还是让Python这样做

print(5/0) 

显然，Python无法这样做，因此你将看到一个traceback:
Traceback (most recent call last): 
	File "division.py", line 1, in <module> 
	print(5/0) 
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

上述traceback中指出的错误ZeroDivisionError是一个异常对象
Python无法按你的要求做时，就会创建这种对象。
在这种情况下，Python将停止运行程序，并指出引发了哪种异常，
而我们可根据这些信息对程序进行修改。
'''

#使用 try-except 代码块

'''
当你认为可能发生了错误时，可编写一个try-except代码块来处理可能引发的异常。
你让Python尝试运行一些代码，并告诉它如果这些代码引发了指定的异常，该怎么办

处理ZeroDivisionError异常的try-except代码类似下面这样：
try: 
	print(5/0) 
except ZeroDivisionError: 
	print("You can't divide by zero!") 

'''

try: 
	print(5/0) 
except ZeroDivisionError: 
	print("You can't divide by zero!") 


#使用异常避免崩溃
'''
print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.") 
print("Enter 'q' to quit.") 

while True: 
	first_number = input("\nFirst number: ") 
	if first_number == 'q': 
		break 
	second_number = input("Second number: ") 
	if second_number == 'q': 
		break 
	answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number) 
	print(answer) 

这个程序没有采取任何处理错误的措施，
因此让它执行除数为0的除法运算时，它将崩溃

'''

#else代码块
print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.") 
print("Enter 'q' to quit.") 

while True: 
	first_number = input("\nFirst number: ") 
	if first_number == 'q': 
		break 
	second_number = input("Second number: ") 
	try: 
		answer = int(first_number)/int(second_number)
	except ZeroDivisionError: 
		print("You can't divided by 0! ")
	else: 
		print(answer) 

'''
try-except-else代码块的工作原理大致如下：
Python尝试执行try代码块中的代码；只有可能引发异常的代码才需要放在try语句中。
有时候，有一些仅在try代码块成功执行时才需要运行的代码；这些代码应放在else代码块中。
except代码块告诉Python，如果它尝试运行try代码块中的代码时引发了指定的异常，该怎么办
'''

'''
Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them. 
Enter 'q' to quit. 
First number: 5 
Second number: 0 
You can't divide by 0! 
First number: 5 
Second number: 2 
2.5 
First number: q
'''

#处理 FileNotFoundError 异常

'''
使用文件时，一种常见的问题是找不到文件：
你要查找的文件可能在其他地方、文件名可能不正确或者这个文件根本就不存在。
对于所有这些情形，都可使用try-except代码块以直观的方式进行处理。
'''

'''
我们来尝试读取一个不存在的文件。
下面的程序尝试读取文件alice.txt的内容，但我没有将这个文件存储在alice.py所在的目录中

filename = 'alice.txt' 
with open(filename) as f_obj: 
	contents = f_obj.read() 

Python无法读取不存在的文件，因此它引发一个异常:
Traceback (most recent call last): 
	File "alice.py", line 3, in <module> 
	with open(filename) as f_obj: 
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'alice.txt' 

'''


#分析文本

'''
方法split()以空格为分隔符将字符串分拆成多个部分，
并将这些部分都存储到一个列表中
'''

filename = 'alice.txt' 

try: 
	with open(filename) as f_obj: 
		contents = f_obj.read() 
except FileNotFoundError: 
	msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist." 
	print(msg) 
else: 
	'''计算文件大概包含多少个单词'''
	words = contents.split()
	num_words = len(words)
	print('The file ' +filename+ ' has about ' + str(num_words) + 'words.')

'''
The file alice.txt has about 17845words.
'''

#使用多个文件
def count_words(filename): 
	try: 
		with open(filename) as f_obj: 
			contents = f_obj.read() 
	except FileNotFoundError: 
		msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist." 
		print(msg) 
	else: 
		'''计算文件大概包含多少个单词'''
		words = contents.split()
		num_words = len(words)
		print('The file ' +filename+ ' has about ' + str(num_words) + 'words.')

filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddhartha.txt', 'moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt'] 
for filename in filenames: 
	count_words(filename)
	
	
'''
The file alice.txt has about 17845words.
Sorry, the file siddhartha.txt does not exist.
Sorry, the file moby_dick.txt does not exist.
Sorry, the file little_women.txt does not exist.
'''

#失败时一声不吭

'''
在前一个示例中，我们告诉用户有一个文件找不到。
但并非每次捕获到异常时都需要告诉用户，有时候你希望程序在发生异常时一声不吭，就像什么都没有发生一样继续运行。
要让程序在失败时一声不吭，可像通常那样编写try代码块，但在except代码块中明确地告诉Python什么都不要做。
Python有一个pass语句，可在代码块中使用它来让Python什么都不要做



'''

def count_words(filename): 
	try: 
		with open(filename) as f_obj: 
			contents = f_obj.read() 
	except FileNotFoundError: 
		pass
	else: 
		'''计算文件大概包含多少个单词'''
		words = contents.split()
		num_words = len(words)
		print('The file ' +filename+ ' has about ' + str(num_words) + 'words.')

filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddhartha.txt', 'moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt'] 
for filename in filenames: 
	count_words(filename)

'''
The file alice.txt has about 17845words.
'''



#10.4 存储数据
#这是一种在程序之间共享数据的简单方式

'''
一种简单的方式是使用模块json来存储数据。
'''

#使用json.dump()和json.load()

#使用json.dump()来存储数字列表
import json 

numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13] 

filename = 'numbers.json' 
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj: 
	json.dump(numbers, f_obj) 

'''
我们先导入模块json，再创建一个数字列表
我们指定了要将该数字列表存储到其中的文件的名称filename = 'numbers.json' 
通常使用文件扩展名.json来指出文件存储的数据为JSON格式
接下来，我们以写入模式打开这个文件，让json能够将数据写入其中
我们使用函数json.dump()将数字列表存储到文件numbers.json中
'''

#使用json.load()将这个列表读取到内存中
import json

filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename) as f_obj:
	numbers = json.load(f_obj)
	
print(numbers)

'''
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13] 
'''



#保存和读取用户生成的数据
import json 

username = input("What is your name? ") 

filename = 'username.json' 
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj: 
	json.dump(username, f_obj) 
	print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!") 

'''
what is your name? Eric 
We'll remember you when you come back, Eric! 
'''

import json 

filename = 'username.json' 
with open(filename) as f_obj: 
	username = json.load(f_obj) 
	print("Welcome back, " + username + "!") 

'''
Welcome back, Eric! 
'''

#两者合并为一个程序
import json

'''
如果以前存储了用户名，就加载它
否则，就提示用户输入用户名并存储它
'''

filename = 'username.json'

try: 
	with open(filename) as f_obj:
		username = json.load(f_obj) 
except FileNotFoundError: 
	username = input("What is your name? ")
	with open(filename,'w') as f_obj:
		json.dump(username,f_obj)
		print("we'll remember you when you come back, " + 
			username + "!")
else: 
	print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")


#重构
'''
代码能够正确地运行，但可做进一步的改进——将代码划分为一系列完成具体工作的函数。
这样的过程被称为重构。重构让代码更清晰、更易于理解、更容易扩展
'''

import json 

def greet_user(): 
	"""问候用户，并指出其名字""" 
	filename = 'username.json' 
	try:
		with open(filename) as f_obj: 
			username = json.load(f_obj) 
	except FileNotFoundError: 
		username = input("What is your name? ") 
		with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj: 
			json.dump(username, f_obj) 
			print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!") 
	else: 
		print("Welcome back, " + username + "!") 

greet_user() 


import json 

def get_stored_username(): 
	"""如果存储了用户名，就获取它""" 
	filename = 'username.json' 
	try: 
		with open(filename) as f_obj: 
			username = json.load(f_obj) 
	except FileNotFoundError: 
		return None 
	else: 
		return username 

def greet_user(): 
	"""问候用户，并指出其名字""" 
	username = get_stored_username() 
	if username: 
		print("Welcome back, " + username + "!") 
	else: 
		username = input("What is your name? ") 
		filename = 'username.json' 
		with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj: 
			json.dump(username, f_obj) 
			print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!") 

greet_user()


import json 

def get_stored_username(): 
	"""如果存储了用户名，就获取它""" 
	filename = 'username.json' 
	try: 
		with open(filename) as f_obj: 
			username = json.load(f_obj) 
	except FileNotFoundError: 
		return None 
	else: 
		return username  

def get_new_username(): 
	"""提示用户输入用户名""" 
	username = input("What is your name? ") 
	filename = 'username.json' 
	with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj: 
		json.dump(username, f_obj) 
		return username 

def greet_user(): 
	"""问候用户，并指出其名字""" 
	username = get_stored_username() 
	if username: 
		print("Welcome back, " + username + "!") 
	else: 
		username = get_new_username() 
		print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!") 

greet_user()