CSAPP——chap8 fork

fork函数调用一次，返回两次。
一次是在调用父进程中，一次是在新创建的子进程中。在父进程ork函数返回子进程的 pid (大于0的数)；在子进程中，fork函数返回0。

进程图

进程图是刻画程序语句的偏序的一种简单的前趋图。每个顶点a对应于一条程序语句的执行。有向边a->b表示语句a发生在语句b之前。边上可以标注一些信息，例如一个变量的当前值。对应于printf语句的顶点可以标记上printf的输出(这里输出的都是hello便没有标记)。每张图从一个顶点开始，对应于调用main的父进程。这个顶点没有入边并且只有一个出边。每个进程顶点序列结束于一个对应exit调用的顶点。这个顶点只有一条入边没有出边。
1.

void fork0() 
{
    if (fork() == 0) {
 printf("Hello from child\n");
    }
    else {
 printf("Hello from parent\n");
    }
}

2.

void fork1 ()
{
	int x = 1;
	pid_t pid = fork();
	if(pid == 0) {
	printf("Child has x = %d\n",++x);
	}
	else {
	printf("Parent has x = %d\n",--x);
	}
	printf("Bye from process %d with x = %d\n",getpid(),x)
}

3.

void fork2()
{
    printf("L0\n");
    fork();
    printf("L1\n");    
    fork();
    printf("Bye\n");
}

4.

void fork3()
{
    printf("L0\n");
    fork();
    printf("L1\n");    
    fork();
    printf("L2\n");    
    fork();
    printf("Bye\n");
}

5.

void fork4()
{
    printf("L0\n");
    if (fork() != 0) {
 printf("L1\n");    
 if (fork() != 0) {
     printf("L2\n");
 }
    }
    printf("Bye\n");
}

6.

void fork5()
{
    printf("L0\n");
    if (fork() == 0) {
 printf("L1\n");    
 if (fork() == 0) {
     printf("L2\n");
 }
    }
    printf("Bye\n");
}

7.

void cleanup(void) {
    printf("Cleaning up\n");
}
void fork6()
{
    atexit(cleanup);
    fork();
    exit(0);
}

atexit()函数用来调用终止函数，程序执行到atexit()函数时不会立即输出cleanup，而是先执行fork函数。

8.

void fork7()
{
    if (fork() == 0) {
 /* Child */
 printf("Terminating Child, PID = %d\n", getpid());
 exit(0);
    } else {
 printf("Running Parent, PID = %d\n", getpid());
 while (1)
     ; /* Infinite loop */
    }
}

父进程进入死循环，该程序不会终止， ps 之后可发现该程序存在僵尸进程。（ctrl+c：强行终止，ctrl+z：挂起在后台运行）

9.

void fork8()
{
    if (fork() == 0) {
 /* Child */
 printf("Running Child, PID = %d\n",
        getpid());
 while (1)
     ; /* Infinite loop */
    } else {
 printf("Terminating Parent, PID = %d\n",
        getpid());
 exit(0);
    }
}

子进程进入死循环，但父进程可正常返回并退出，所以子进程也被父进程回收。

10.

void fork9()
{
	int child_status;
	if (fork() == 0) {
 printf("HC: hello from child\n");
        exit(0);
    } else {
 printf("HP: hello from parent\n");
 wait(&child_status);
 printf("CT: child has terminated\n");
    }
    printf("Bye\n");
}

调用waitpid()函数来等待子进程终止或者停止。

void fork10()
{
	pid_t pid[N];
	int i, child_status;
	for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
 if ((pid[i] = fork()) == 0) {
     exit(100+i); /* Child */
 }
  for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { /* Parent */
 pid_t wpid = wait(&child_status);
 if (WIFEXITED(child_status))
     printf("Child %d terminated with exit status %d\n",
     wpid, WEXITSTATUS(child_status));
 else
 	printf("Child %d terminate abnormally\n", wpid);
    }
 }

本人太菜，分析见：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44688476/article/details/102868173

12.

void fork11()
{
	pid_t pid[N];
	int i;
    	int child_status;
    	for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
 	if ((pid[i] = fork()) == 0)
    		 exit(100+i); /* Child */
    	for (i = N-1; i >= 0; i--) {
 	pid_t wpid = waitpid(pid[i], &child_status, 0);
 	if (WIFEXITED(child_status))
    		 printf("Child %d terminated with exit status %d\n",
     			wpid, WEXITSTATUS(child_status));
 	else
    		 printf("Child %d terminate abnormally\n", wpid);
    	}
}

13.

void fork12()
{
    pid_t pid[N];
    int i;
    int child_status;
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
 if ((pid[i] = fork()) == 0) {
     /* Child: Infinite Loop */
     while(1)
  ;
 }
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 printf("Killing process %d\n", pid[i]);
 kill(pid[i], SIGINT);
    }
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 pid_t wpid = wait(&child_status);
 if (WIFEXITED(child_status))
     printf("Child %d terminated with exit status %d\n",
     wpid, WEXITSTATUS(child_status));
 else
     printf("Child %d terminated abnormally\n", wpid);
    }
}

14.

void int_handler(int sig)
{
    printf("Process %d received signal %d\n", getpid(), sig); /* Unsafe */
    exit(0);
}
void fork13()
{
    pid_t pid[N];
    int i;
    int child_status;
    signal(SIGINT, int_handler);
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
 if ((pid[i] = fork()) == 0) {
     /* Child: Infinite Loop */
     while(1)
  ;
 }
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 printf("Killing process %d\n", pid[i]);
 kill(pid[i], SIGINT);
    }
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 pid_t wpid = wait(&child_status);
 if (WIFEXITED(child_status))
     printf("Child %d terminated with exit status %d\n",
     wpid, WEXITSTATUS(child_status));
 else
     printf("Child %d terminated abnormally\n", wpid);
    }
}

15.

int ccount = 0;
void child_handler(int sig)
{
    int child_status;
    pid_t pid = wait(&child_status);
    ccount--;
    printf("Received SIGCHLD signal %d for process %d\n", sig, pid); /* Unsafe */
    fflush(stdout); /* Unsafe */
}void fork14()
{
    pid_t pid[N];
    int i;
    ccount = N;
    signal(SIGCHLD, child_handler);
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 if ((pid[i] = fork()) == 0) {
     sleep(1);
     exit(0);  /* Child: Exit */
 }
    }
    while (ccount > 0)
 ;
}

16.

void child_handler2(int sig)
{
    int child_status;
    pid_t pid;
    while ((pid = wait(&child_status)) > 0) {
 ccount--;
 printf("Received signal %d from process %d\n", sig, pid); /* Unsafe */
 fflush(stdout); /* Unsafe */
    }
}
void fork15()
{
    pid_t pid[N];
    int i;
    ccount = N;
    signal(SIGCHLD, child_handler2);
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
 if ((pid[i] = fork()) == 0) {
     sleep(1);
     exit(0); /* Child: Exit */
 }
    while (ccount > 0) {
 pause();
    }
}

17.

void fork16() 
{
    if (fork() == 0) {
 printf("Child1: pid=%d pgrp=%d\n",
        getpid(), getpgrp());
 if (fork() == 0)
     printf("Child2: pid=%d pgrp=%d\n",
     getpid(), getpgrp());
 while(1);
    }
} 

18.

void fork17() 
{
    if (fork() == 0) {
 printf("Child: pid=%d pgrp=%d\n",
        getpid(), getpgrp());
    }
    else {
 printf("Parent: pid=%d pgrp=%d\n",
        getpid(), getpgrp());
    }
    while(1);
} 

19.
问：以下程序会输出几个“ * ” ？

pid_t Fork(void){
	pid_t pid;
	if((pid=fork())>0) printf("*\n");	
	return pid;
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[]){
    Fork();   //①
    Fork()&&Fork()||Fork();	//A&&B||c	
    Fork();   //②
}

答案是十九个哦~
进程图如下，有十九个Fork

运行结果如下：